Since ancient Greece‚ there has been a fierce debate in the philosophical arena about the nature of change and how it affects the identity of objects. Some philosophers believe that nothing ever truly changes and others such as Heraclitus (535-475 BCE)‚ believed that all objects identities are always changing. There are many properties to an object‚ and many wonder how many properties can change before the object is considered to be something else. This enigma is usually illustrated by the classical
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David Hume is a renowned Philosopher that has shaped the ideas of cause and effect (causality) as we know them today. He suggested that true cause and effect relationship has to be the result of A causing B. The occurrence of B happening is contingent on the fact that A occurs before B‚ thus causing B to happen. Since he holds that this is the only rational way to conclude that one thing causes another to happen‚ he goes as far as to say that human beings will never know the exact cause that takes
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in the fields of ethics‚ morality‚ aesthetics‚ and value. Some forms of idealism‚ like that of Berkeley‚ are often contrasted with materialism. Some idealists‚ like Spinoza‚ are monists as opposed to dualist‚ again like Descartes‚ or pluralist ontologies. Plato is called an idealist because of his theory of Forms or doctrine of Ideas‚ which are "ideal" in the dictionary sense. Most interpreters‚ ancient and modern‚ hold that Plato does not describe the Forms as being in any mind‚ instead he describes
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3.7.2 Knowing what it is like‚ Van Gulick optimistic’s point of view Multiple realization implies that any given creature with a brain suitable to interact with the world has a very rich mental life‚ and should have conscious experience. According to Nagel “… fundamentally an organism has conscious mental states if and only if there is something chat it is like to be that organism something it is like for the organism. We may call this the subjective character of experience” (Nagel‚ 1974/2002‚
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a real distinction between mind and body. In the Meditations‚ Descartes aims to find a firm foundation for knowledge‚ to find indubitable knowledge‚ to refute scepticism and vindicate rationalism‚ and to prove the existence of God. Though a rationalist himself‚ Descartes assumes a sceptical approach when considering what we can be certain of. He quickly rejects a priori and a posteriori knowledge‚ concluding in Meditation 2‚ that all he can be certain of is his own existence in some form. From
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God – “a being than which no greater being can be conceived.” (Anselm) Anselm understands the relationship with existence and reference it can be seen in his argument makes a reliable point of God’s existence without connecting him directly to an ontology theory. He explains the difference between "existence in the understanding" and "existence in reality". Anselm says when something exists in a person’s understanding it just means that the person has the general notion of the thing. Anselm also says
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Andrew Baker Corey Miller Phil-P 100 September 16‚ 2014 God’s existence The issue that I shall be addressing is whether a certain objection to a theistic explanation of God’s existence can be sustained. In this paper‚ the objection in question is advanced mostly by naturalists‚ and the thrust of it is that theists cannot provide a satisfactory account of God’s existence based on causality because occasional philosophical questions arise concerning the truth of the premises. After carefully setting
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Abstract and Referential Ontology: Descartes Versus Spinoza on the Existence of God. The concept of God is central to the development of Cartesian and Spinozan philosophy. Although both philosophers employ an ontological argument for the existence and necessity of God the specific nature of God differs greatly with each account. While Descartes suggests a Judeo-Christian concept of God‚ Spinoza argues a more monistic deity similar to that of the Hindu tradition. The most significant difference
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Comments and Criticisms on Meditation III Clear and Distinct Perception The Cogito is the one undubitable item that Descartes arrives at. But having reached this certain proposition‚ in the second paragraph of Meditation II he goes on to claim that it also gives him a criterion for truth. He says that what assures him of the truth of the Cogito is that he perceives it clearly and distinctly and that‚ thus: a statement is true if‚ and only if‚ it is perceived clearly and distinctly. This is
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What Heidegger Means by Being-in-the-World Martin Heidegger’s main interest was to raise the issue of Being‚ that is‚ to make sense of our capacity to make sense of things. Additionally he wished to rekindle the notion that although difficult to understand‚ this issue was of utmost importance (Dreyfus 1991). Heidegger’s study‚ however‚ was of a specific type of Being‚ the human being‚ referred to by Heidegger as Dasein’‚ which literally means Being-there’ (Solomon 1972). By using the expression
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