show that one could find firm knowledge through the Christian religion. Michel de Montaigne of France and Francis Bacon both had starting perspectives of the skepticism viewpoint that they had known nothing to be certain. This goes the same for rationalist Rene Descartes and Blaise Pascal. These primary discoverers were careful not to discard their beliefs in Christianity. A discoverer in particular‚ Montaigne was eager to question the
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According to Ian Hacking Making Up people‚ based on historical analysis‚ where it refers to the simultaneous process whereby new ideas serve to create newly categorized kind of people. In order to illustrate the ways in which how people are made up‚ Ian proposed a new theory called dynamic nominalism‚ a middle ground between traditional nominalism which contends that “all categories‚ classes‚ and taxonomies are given by human minds rather than nature” (165) and traditional realism which contends
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fire is the sun; and the climb upward is the journey of the mind towards knowledge (Philosophy: Q&T‚ p.9). The Allegory of the Cave sdeals with one of the vital discussions in metaphysics: to distinguish between reality and appearance. Just like ontology‚ it deals with the nature of being and reality (Philosophy: Q&T‚ p.114). The prisoners symbolize the majority of people. Just like how the prisoners perceive the shadows as real‚ most people believe that everything they see‚ taste‚ hear‚ and smell
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doubt except doubting. The final altering event in the modern period was the split in epistemological perspectives‚ the study of knowledge and justified belief. The philosophical knowledge is divided into two parts‚ rationalism and empiricism. Rationalist believes knowledge is obtained in some form or other that provides additional information about the world‚ which outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Empiricists develop methods as a means to obtain knowledge through one’s
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Name: Professor: Course: Date: Arche Arche is a Greek term that means the ultimate principle‚ source‚ reason‚ origin‚ cause or the beginning of something. According to the Greek philosopher; Aristotle‚ arche is a principle or an element of something which is intangible and cannot be demonstrated but it offers the factors of the likelihood of that something. It explains how everything was made out of a primal element or substance; as a cause. The arche concept developed a starting point for valid
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Phil 4 Midterm Study Guide Introduction: - Ontology is the study of being‚ kinds of things that exists‚ the different kinds of being. What is ultimately real? - Material: spatial/public/mechanical - Immaterial: nonspatial/private/teleological - Materialism: Matter is truly real and immaterial things are not - Idealism: Ideas are ultimately real - Dualism: Reality is both material and immaterial - Monism: There’s one single reality Lau Tzu (Laozi): - Taos analogy to water: water
Free Mind Perception Ontology
In the second meditation‚ Descartes comes to the conclusion of‚ “I think‚ therefore I am”‚ (Goodman‚ 2018)‚ but what does this mean? In the first meditation‚ Descartes tells us that if a belief can be doubted‚ then it cannot be considered as knowledge. He believes that his body and senses are not real‚ as it could be doubted. Because he can doubt all of his knowledge‚ he is looking for a system that can justify his beliefs. In this paper I will be discussing the idea that lays out the foundation
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his own existence just proves that he indeed exists and that is certain. Further‚ he argues that we are essentially thinking things (res cogitans) that can know our minds clearly and distinctly. Descartes pitches a tent for himself firmly in the rationalist camp‚ as opposed to the empiricist camp. He constantly emphasizes that the clear and distinct perceptions of the intellect are the only sure means of securing knowledge‚ and ultimately concludes that the senses are not designed to give us knowledge
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truth is therefore a well- founded of science clear ideas. But even there‚ it is important to clarify its strict extension. Therefore‚ in the fourth Meditation‚ Descartes seems to take a moment on his own objection that can address all dogmatism rationalists: if our thinking is‚ as such‚ ordained to the true‚ how is it that we were wrong? Or‚ Descartes said‚ "If I hold God everything I own‚ and if He does not give me the power to fail‚ it seems that I must never deceive me." Sometimes‚ it is a fact
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The LSD “trip” is a complex interaction of many factors‚ but the crucial variables that influence the effects and duration of the “trip” are set and setting. An LSD “trip” is characterised by: • Emotional lability: from euphoria to despair and back; cascading emotions and emergence of repressed material; subsequent “flooding” of consciousness • Distortion in chronicity (time): merging of past‚ present and future • Wave-like sensations of perceptual change • Visual pseudo-hallucinations
Free Sense Perception Ontology