Factor to Consider When Selecting Instructional Method and Instructional Material

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DROPOUT AMONG STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EKIADOLOR, BENIN CITY

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Thank you so much for your respect to the authors copyright. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to find out the high incidence of school dropout in recent times. A study was conducted in Owan Local Government Area of Edo state. The study was conducted to find out the locality. On analysis of data collected from respondents, it was discovered that the cause and effect of school dropout in Owan Local Government Area includes,
a. home background {broken homes, dearth, poverty, unhealthy human relation}
b. School environment {peer group, indiscipline, poor classroom interaction}.
c. Society {poor parental care, cultism immaturity}
d. Personal factor {health, accident and self concept}.
Base on the finding of this research, the following recommendations were made,
1. Government should provide guidance and counselling to students in the area.
2. Teacher and parents should co-operate to discipline the students.
3. Cultism should be abolished.
4. Good health facilities should be provided. TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE:
Background of the study
Statement of problems
Purpose of study
Significance of the study
Research questions
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
The sampled area
The sampled subject
Data collection instruments
Validity and reliability of instrument
Data collection procedure
Description of statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion of results
Summary and conclusion
Recommendations and suggestion for further research
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRES CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In the ancient time, we have formal or traditional educational system which Nigerian’s or indigenous people used to educate their own children this is what has been called occupational education before the coming of the Europeans and their western education to Nigerian.
The purpose of this type of education was to make the young ones grow up in such a way that, they will understand the society into which they were born, acquired the knowledge, skill understand the attitude and appreciate the culture. However the general education sill have area of specialization which includes palm fruit, hunting, carpentering, etc.
As a result of the missionary activities in Nigeria, a formal type of education was established with the aim of training people who can read, understand and interpret the bible. The aim also was to produce people who would be of service too the member of the trinity of colonialism and church. The white collar jobs which the formal education provided, made many citizen to attend schools, some of them did not complete their educational career due to economics, social and physical handicaps which will be exhaustively dealt with in subsequent chapters.
Every year a great number of students dropout of school due to some factors such as ill health, attitude of teacher and peer group influence. Those who drooped out of school constitute nuisance in the society. They can either be found roaming in the street or seeking for opportunity to steal. However a lot of these dropouts involves themselves in crimes and eventually end up in prison and in extreme cases executed for armed robbery offence.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM In carrying out this study, it is necessary to identify the possible causes and effect of school dropout among students of College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin include:-
1. Financial problem could hamper schooling.
2. Loss of parents or sponsor could hinder school
3. Unhealthy human relationships in school, quarrel, hatred, fighting etc can cause dropout among College of Education Students.
4. Low mental ability can make a student to dropout of school.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
1. The researcher work has as its main objective the causes and effect of school dropout among students of College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin.
2. The researcher wants to know the problem face by students in school which lead to dropout.
3. The researcher wants to find solution to the problems of school dropout among College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance is that, it will help us to produce manpower needed in our society and also how to minimize the causes and effect of dropout in secondary school.
RESEARCH QUESTION To provide solution to the stated problem, the following research questions, were put forward:
1. Do students dropout because of financial problem to meet their basic needs?
2. Does broken home cause students to dropout of students from school?
3. Does poor students and teacher’s relationship cause school dropout?
4. To what extent does participation in secret cults cause dropout in secondary school?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to College of Education, Ekiadolor-Benin. The sample will be four secondary schools. The subject will be one hundred students. Twenty five each from four schools selected. The study will also involve some principals and teachers of the schools to be visited. LIMITATION OF STUDY In spite of all effort to control the variable and ensure maximum validity, the project was not free of limitation e.g. the population size was small related to the entire population of the local government area. Another limitation was the problem of distance which would not allow the researcher to go around the whole area in its geographical coverage. Another problem was lack of timer to combine questionnaire with interviews and most Nigeria’s who are qualified to write find it difficult to reach out their knowledge for others use.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. School dropout: Means student who after gaining admission into secondary school due to one reason or another are unable to complete their school career.
2. Delinquency: Illegal or immoral behaviour especially by young people.
3. Hooligan: Rough person who fight and makes noise in the streets.
4. In chastised: Not discipline
5. Permissive: Act of allowing

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter an attempt has been made to outline briefly some the major causes and effect of school dropouts in the local government area. In this chapter a review of related publication where some of the causes and effects of school dropout have been discussed.
According to Jonathan Crowther {1995} in advanced learners dictionary, says dropout means a person who withdraw from a course of study.
According to Ogbebor {1998} in his book “notes on educational psychology in Nigeria” a child who is not able to complete his primary secondary and higher school career while there is every opportunity for him to do so may be regarded as a school dropout. This belief is also shared by many people because majority of the children who have fallen into he category did do, not because their parents has no money to pay their school fees or that they were physically unfit.
According to Adebayo (1979) in principle and practice of education 1979 has this to say on student dropout, lack of school material makes many pupils dropout of school.
If a child has no exercise books, he could be punished by the teacher and as such run away from school.
The teacher may be harsh, but failure to comply with school requirements contributes to the causes of student dropout in order to inculcate discipline in class the teachers has to be firm and give equal measures of treatment to his students. But one find out that, some student would see it as a challenge which they should be equal to some would see as enough to withdraw them from school.
Similarly, the way parent train their children has been found to make what they could later become evidence has shown in the local government area that parent who do not give correction to children have always made them never do well in later years, possibly ending up as student dropout also those who dictate whatever their children would do could make such children become withdrawal from school, which could equally leads to school dropout.
According to Vicente {1977) he said “malnutrition and disease associated with poverty is also a result and causes of school dropout, hunger is capable of distracting attention in class children run between the s topped cars trying to sell candies in hopes of getting a few coins. When a child is not properly nourished, that child academic performance is bound to be affected.
Also an ailing child cannot do well in class since the pains resulting to the disease affecting him could divert his mind from normal school process and on the long run could send him packing without completing his education.
The causes and effect of school dropout in schools:
1. Lack of genuine interest
2. Prevalence of child labour
3. Pressure of domestic commitments
4. Economic constraints
As far as punctuality is concerned, it was observed that very few children were on time. Late coming was a special feature for manual workers and the main reason was that:
1. They have to attend to domestic duties and do one.
2. Their children would not get up early.
3. They could not have their breakfast on time.
Awake {2005} cause of student dropout using them as a case study, they joined new friends in engaging in immoral conduct and experimenting with drugs. Realizing that their life style was no longer compatible with education then abandoned their school and stopped attending lesson. Florida and California indicated that 20% have shared drugs other than alcohol with their parents and that about 5% of the teens actually were introduced to drugs usually marijuana by their mum and dads. What would move a person to do such parent confessed, I told her rather have her do it at home where I could help on eye on her” other apparently feel that sharing drugs is a way to “bond” with their children. All those things can lead children fro dropout of school.
In the same vein, it goes to say that the school can contribute to school dropout when they refused to inculcate the spirit of self reliance in the student they may not see with any teacher who could come late to school. The teacher equally contributes to school dropout if he punishes the student for assignments without investigate what led to the student not doing the assignment. It therefore become imperatively advisable for the teacher to try find out why most students do not do their homework than see assignment as a punishment.
Some teachers do not know how to use instructional materials scholars have made attempts to classify instructional resources into different categories. Amongst such scholars are Selarat {1972}, Bell-Gam {1992 and 1995} and Ughamadu {1992} Sekrem for instance classified instructional resources into big and little, media, big media are expensive materials such as over head projector, slid projector, filmstrip projector and television. All these materials produce pictures. Little media on the other hand are less expensive materials such as television, chalkboard, wall chart, magnetic board and planned graph the materials can either be bought or be produce by the classroom teacher. Some teachers do not know how to use this material; they do not know how to use it to teach. The student will not have interest in such class; this can lead to dropout in school.
Over the years in teacher education programmes in Nigeria and other countries of the world, teachers have always been exposed to the importance of instructional aids in the teaching learning process. But no sooner than they graduate and start practicing teaching, they always have this tendency to forget using instructional materials in teaching. This situation is compounded by the fat that every more sophisticated material is being introduced for classroom teaching/learning. It is a matter of fact some of the materials are very complex to use, a good example of such is the computer.
The teacher may be harsh, but failure to comply with school requirement contributes to the cause of student dropout. in order to inculcate discipline in class the teacher has to be firm and give equal measures of treatment to his students would see as a challenge which they should equal to some would see as enough to withdraw them from school.
According to a report published by UNESCO {1980} Asia institute for rural development {AIRD} India syndrome from school dropout using “Amina” as a case study child marriage affects the continuity of education particularly in the case of girls. This is illustrated in the present of upper primary school she was a good students and therefore the principal has given her some facilities. She had a desire to complete at least high school education when her manager was proposed when negotiation were finalized her parent forced her to discontinue her education even though the marriage data was over years later.
The girl was sorry to leave school, much against her wills, she was not in favour of early marriage bit could not disobey the parents. When asked whether the school courses were really useful for her development, she has this to say “yes”. When pressed further she said that, but her school, she would have remained illiterate and backward. She was planning to take up tailoring even after marriage though she was quite young she was smart and quick in her answers.
Anima, she was interested in going to school but she was disappointed by her parents thus, it can be said that early marriage in every strong fact responsible for school dropout in his discussion on society and culture in his book “the sociology of education”. “An introduction” {second edition} has this to say on the causes and effects of school dropout. In our society once sustaining confirmation among marriage, once rejected as religious rituals there is little left in the way of initiation rites on occasion set apart for the involvement of the individual in a new level of society. In consequence, there is a sense in which the work process of education may bne3 looked upon as a form of initiation. There may be no above –inspiring, terror filling system if mock burials will rearers and sub-mason, but the passage from puberty and adolescence to the full responsibilities of adulthood may be marked at least day by day increasingly greater awareness of the gods of the society adopt in order to endure its own stability and the attainment of its purpose.
This is something that the Crowther report published in 1979, strongly emphasized particularly in relation to the curriculum of Country College. There is need for “an appreciation of the adulthood in which young workers suddenly find themselves guidance for them in working out their own problem of human relation and moral standard and a continuance of their basic education with vocational as where appropriate.
But sound as this suggestion is, the societal awareness as implied in this and other section of the Crowther report as well as in the Benson report is something that a child should follow. A child that enter his first school should continue in the school throughout his school career. Social attitude are not imbibed suddenly on a course, not yet naturally during the year of adolescence.
They have to be inculcated and acquire in social and community living. And if the school is just another large factory through which pupils passes as quickly and as uninvolvely as possible they may never become initiated into their society infact many will become dropout before they enter it.
A look at this last literature would tell the reader that the subject matter is society and culture i.e how a child should be trained to become initiated into the society. The interest here, how ever is that the school is the medium through which children should be worthy member of the society. This can achieved by making student very functional at school, not just allowing them to pass through it passively. If the school perform short of this, most student would become society dropouts. CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
THE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
In this chapter effort is made to explain the method used in gathering the materials needed for the research work. This is because collection is a choice and important aspect of a successful research work.
RESEARCH DESIGN The design of the study, used by the researcher is the survey method because it is based on the students perception i.e. opinion.
POPULATION
The population is with College of Education, Ekiadolor, Benin City.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The sample is made up of 25 questions each for various departments or schools using the random sampling.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The instrument to be used in this study is the questionnaire, comprising of twenty questions. Items in the questionnaire were designed in a way that the respondents can answer “Yes or No”.
VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT
The main instruments used for the study was the questionnaires. The questionnaire items were thoroughly scrutinized by the project supervisor who is an expert in educational administration and research methodology.

RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT It is an extent or degree of consisting between two measures of the same things if an instrument consist on the ordering of subject on whom it is deduced that reliability of instrument as a process which motivate effective teaching with the necessary mate3riuals in order of administering knowledge to the students with effective feedback in the field of study. DATA ANALYSIS Simple percentages were used for analysis of data collection from respondents. Only properly completed questionnaire were used for data analysis.
The formula used for calculating the percentage is stated thus:
Formula: Actual number of respondents x 100 Total number of respondents 1

CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the analysis of data that were collected from respondents in the study area according to the calculation of percentage.
Question 1
Does financial problem causes dropout in school?
Table 1 below answered the question above.
Response No. of respondents Percentages{%}
Yes
No 60
40 60
40
Total 100 100

In table 1 above, 60% of the respondents agreed that financial [problem causes dropout in schools. Why 40% of the respondents disagreed that financial problem don’t cause school dropout.
Question 2 Does unhealthy human relationship in school such as quarrels, hatred, fighting cause dropout?
Response No. of respondents Percentages{%}
Yes
No 80
20 80
20
Total 100 100

Out of 100 respondents, 80 said yes bringing the percentage to 80% while 20 said no bringing the percentage to 20%. From the analysis, it shows that unhealthy human relation in school cause dropout in schools.
Question 3 Does broken home cause dropout of students from school? Table 3 answered the question 3 above.
Response No. of respondents Percentages{%}
Yes
No 64
36 64
36
Total 100 100

Out of 100 respondents, 64 said yes bringing the percentage to 64% while 36 said no bringing the percentage to 36%. From the analysis, it shows that broken homes causes school dropout.
Question 4 Does poor students and teacher relationship cause school dropout?

Table 4 below answered the question 4 above.
Response No. of respondents Percentages{%}
Yes
No 48
52 48
52
Total 100 100

Out of 100 respondents, 48 said yes, bringing the percentage to 48% while 52 said no bringing the percentage to 52%. From the analysis, it shows that poor students and teacher relationship don’t cause school dropout.
Question 5 Does participation in secret cults cause dropout in school?

Table 5 below answered the question 5 above.
Response No. of respondents Percentages{%}
Yes
No 70
30 70
30
Total 100 100

Out of 100 respondents, 70 said yes bringing the percentage to 70% while 30 said no bringing the percentage to 30%. From, the analysis, it shows that participation in secret cults causes dropout in secondary schools.

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Analysis of result revealed that significant factors precipitating dropout among College of Education, Ekiadolor students are personal factors, environment influence and home background. The dropout in this area is a crucial problem.
Respondent agree that among College of Education, Ekiadolor students, there are interdependent factors collectively predisposing the student to dropout of school. Why these result obtained could be attributed to perhaps, lack of guidance and counseling services, lack of career poor orientation to academic life ,lack of ambition and negative philosophy of life.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this research project questionnaire was used to investigate factors influencing dropout among College of Education, Ekiadolor students
The 100 respondents from College of Education, Ekiadolor students were randomly sample out from different departments or school and studied. Data analysis from the respondents revealed that influential factor of school dropout in this area included ill health, financial problem, peer group influence, indiscipline, poor classroom interaction, child abuse, immaturity, cultism, broken homes, death of parents and lack of school materials.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
This research project has discovered that the rate of students’ dropout among College of Education, Ekiadolor students was statistically significantly high. Therefore, it is recommended that:
1. Good health facilities should be provided
2. Cultism should be abolished.
3. Government should give guidance and counseling services to students in this area.
4. Teachers and parents should cooperate to discipline students. REFERENCES

Adebayo P. O. (1979), Principle and Practice of Education Ibadan Omolayo Standard Press and Bookshop Co. Ltd.
Austin U. Osunde and victor H. Bell-Gam {2001} principles and method of teaching.
Awake {October 8, 2004} teen pregnancy a global tragedy.
Banyo, S. A. (1985) West Africa Teachers “Handbook London, University of Ibadan.
Sail S. A (1980), Asian Institute for Rural Development, India, Paris, UNESCO.
Relses A. J. (1981) Delinquency as the failure of Personal and Social Controls American QUESTIONNAIRE

TOPIC: CAUSES AND EFFECT OF DROPOUT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

Instruction – Read each of the questions carefully and indicate your responses by ticking in the providing space against the answers of your choice.
Personal Data
Sex: male { }, female { }
Age: ………………………………………………….
1. Does finance problem causes dropout in schools? Yes { }, No { }
2. Does unhealthy human relation in school such as quarrels, hatred, fighting cause dropout? Yes { }, No { }
3. Does examination malpractice cause dropout in school? Yes { }, No { }
4. Does cultism cause dropout from school? Yes { }, No { }
5. Does peer group influence cause dropout in school? Yes { }, No { }
6. Does unwanted pregnancy cause dropout from school? Yes { }, No { }
7. Does immaturity of students cause dropout? Yes { }, No { }
8. Does physical handicap cause dropout? Yes { }, No { }
9. Does broken home cause school dropout? Yes { }, No { }
10. Does low intelligence in school cause dropout? Yes { }, No { }
11. Does desire for mental things cause school dropout? Yes { }, No { }
12. Does lack of respect for parents or sponsors cause school dropout? Yes { }, No { }
13. Does lack of discipline cause dropout in school? Yes { }, No { }
14. Does uninteresting classroom procedures or poor classroom interaction with bad lecturers cause school dropout? Yes { }, No { }
15. Does failing and getting of poor grade cause dropout in schools? Yes { }, No { }
16. Does negative attitudes toward education cause school dropout? Yes { }, No { }

References: Adebayo P. O. (1979), Principle and Practice of Education Ibadan Omolayo Standard Press and Bookshop Co. Ltd. Awake {October 8, 2004} teen pregnancy a global tragedy. Banyo, S. A. (1985) West Africa Teachers “Handbook London, University of Ibadan. Sail S. A (1980), Asian Institute for Rural Development, India, Paris, UNESCO. Relses A. J. (1981) Delinquency as the failure of Personal and Social Controls American