while the reference of words to the objective reality and language users were actually not considered Syntactic units can go into 3 types of syntactic relations. Coordination (SR1) – syntagmatic relations of independence. SR1 can be observed on the phrase‚ sentence and text levels. Coordination may be symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric coordination is characterized by complete interchangeability of its elements – pens and pencils. Asymmetric coordination occurs when the position of elements is fixed:
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conjunction is a single word that joins words‚ phrases‚ and clauses of equal grammatical construction. Coordinating conjunctions also join complete sentences‚ i.e.‚ independent clauses. These conjunctions also imbue equal grammatical weight‚ or rank‚ to the joined elements.F – forA – andN – nor B – butO – orY – yetS – so | knives and spoons (noun & noun)‚ run or shout (verb & verb)‚ down the stairs and around the house (prepositional phrase & prepositional phrase) | Subordinating conjunction | A subordinating
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Adjective Phrases Subordinate clauses‚ like phrases‚ can be used in sentences as if they were single units. One word: The barking dog followed us home. Phrase: The dog‚ barking loudly‚ chased us. Clause: The dog‚ which was barking loudly‚ followed us. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. It cannot stand by itself. We need a dog that can guard. An adjective clause usually follows the word that it modifies
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Discussion phrases Asking for opinion What do you think about this problem? Do you have any ideas/thoughts about this? How do you see this problem? Is this a serious problem? What are your thoughts on this? Giving opinion I think ../ feel In my opinion‚ this is … To me‚ As far as I’m concerned‚.. In my point of view.. I strongly feel/think that.. I believe that … Agreeing I agree with Ali. I support your idea. I think you’re right. I think so. I share the same view. Strong
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Phrase A Phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and predicate. There are several kind of phrases: Noun Phrase A noun phrase is a group of words with a noun as its headword. Some noun phrases begin with an infinitive (to go) or a gerund (going). Example: The young man threw the old dog a bone. Adjective Phrase An adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. An adjective phrase modifies a noun. Occasionally following a noun Example:
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VERB PHRASE 1 The structure of the verb phrase * In the verb phrase there is always an ordinary verb. There may be one or more auxiliaries in front of it. * Examples : * will steal * should have worked * must have been dreaming 2 Meaning in the verb phrase a) Tense - Past or Present? Examples : * Past tense * She had seen a doctor. * She would have seen a doctor. * Present tense * She has seen a doctor. * She will have seen a doctor.
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SOME PHRASES‚ WHICH MAY BE HELPFUL WHILE PREPARING THE ANALYSIS 1. INTRODUCTORY PHRASES The text under analysis/study is taken from the novel ... belonging to the pen of ...‚ the famous/ well-known/ celebrated/ popular writer. He belongs to the brilliant school of critical realism/romanticism/modernism‚ etc The author is the master of psychological analysis. His works are marked by a deep penetration into the soul of man/keen observation of characters In his work the author
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Using Appositive Phrases Practice 1: Matching An appositive is a sentence part that identifies a person‚ place‚ or thing named in a sentence. Appositives often begin with the words a‚ an‚ or the. They always answer one of these questions. Who is he? Who is she? Who are they? (people) What is it? (place or thing) Appositives occur at the beginning of a sentence (opener)‚ between a subject and verb (s-v split)‚ or at the end of a sentence (closer). Examples of Appositives Opener:
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English Majors‚ year II Lecture 1 1 Words and word classes In grammar‚ we first need to identify the types of grammatical units‚ such as words and phrases‚ before describing the internal structure of these units‚ and how they combine to form larger units. Grammatical units are meaningful elements which combine with each other in a structural pattern. Essentially‚ grammar is the system which organizes and controls these form meaning relationships. The types of grammatical units can be graded
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PHRASES FOR TRANSLATING IDEAS INTO WORDS http://refolit.narod.ru/ • The story / article deals with / is concerned with / describes / examines / reveals / exposes o dwells on / explains / addresses / discusses / presents / covers / outlines / states o offers / considers / looks into / treats • The story is set in ... • The scene is laid in .. • The story is written in a form of... (the author’s recollections‚ the dialogue‚ narration‚ autobiography) • The action
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