what we think is true. Moreover‚ a claim is a statement that you want the other to accept. According to Mullins (2001:361) in Jaffee‚ a disputable assertion which needs supports or evidence so that it can be accepted and it is referred to one of syllogism premise‚ the major premise is called claim. The characteristics of claims are controversial‚ clear‚ balance‚ and challenge (Warnick and Inc). It needs to be arguable‚ not ambigious‚ confronting with value‚ belief‚ or communicant attitude. Fisher
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nreal GENERAL NOTION OF INFERENCE I. SOME DEFINITIONS • INFERENCE = one of the ways to arrive at a truth. o COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH • INFERENCE (broad sense) = any process by which the mind proceeds from one or more propositions to other propositions seen to be implied in the former. • INFERENCE (strict sense) = the operation by which the mind gets new knowledge by drawing out the implications of what is already known. • INFERENCE = also applied to any
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Logical implication Background belief -hidden aspect(s) of our knowledge Know the difference between sufficient and necessary conditions -necessary conditions are a set of conditions or requirements that must be met in order for something to belong to a particular kind -sufficient conditions guarantees all necessary conditions have been met law of non-contradiction -Fundamental law of logic -Declares contradictory statements are necessarily false‚ literally irrational or illogical
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A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the argument’s form without requiring an understanding of the argument’s content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case‚ (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious‚ then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability
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option b iii. option c iv. option d (the speaker’s preferred option) conclusion * What are the different types of deductive and inductive reasoning (e.g. causal‚ reasoning from sign‚ etc). Also‚ be able to identify examples of the syllogisms. * Causal reasoning(politicians use it) * -a line of argument that connects two events and claims the first produces the second * Ex. Test the following causal arguments * -scores on SAT or ACT exams started dropping because the
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[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements
Free Logic Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
‘enough’ varies‚ * The number of variation required could be infinitely large. * Observations cannot be completely objective Deductive Reasoning in Science * Syllogism: An instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises); a common or middle... Examples of syllogism: * Major premise: All fish have gills * Minor Premise:
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Critical Thinking – PHI 210 Student Course Guide Prerequisite: None Quarter Meeting Days/Time Instructor Instructor Phone Instructor E-mail Instructor Office Hours/Location Academic Office Phone Number Strayer Technical Support 1-877-642-2999 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Required Kirby‚ G. R.‚ & Goodpaster‚ J.R. (2007). Thinking: An interdisciplinary approach to critical and creative thought (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River‚ NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Supporting The
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good for the state‚ and the individual is analogous to the state‚ then justice is good for the individual. Given that justice on the state level was a widely accepted concept in Athens‚ it was more efficient for Plato to utilize this particular syllogism to prove his point to Thrasymachus. Plato ¡s argument is only valid if he can prove that justice is good for the society or state‚ and that the organic conservative argument is true. In type The Philosopher Kings hold the highest virtue in wisdom
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Kurt Lieberknecht The similarities and difference between inductive and deductive arguments. The best way to describe the similarities and difference between inductive and deductive arguments‚ it would be best if the term "argument" had a definition. Everyday people have arguments. For these everyday conversations "argument" means "dispute". In this Logic class an argument consists of claims or statements followed by a final claim. The statements that articulates the reason for agreement of the
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