Toulmin's Model Of Argument
Berg & Wetherell (2003:138) Maykel Verkuyten The structure and content of arguments cannot be separated. The content analysis focus on what specific term is and relate to cultural meanings and specific representation. For instance, the notion of happiness is as the main concern in the arguments. It is analyzed by examining the ideological history into account which raises the question of context. According to Toulmin in Renkema (2004: 203) contends that the most important in arguments is how the arguments are structured, not the form of logic.
It has been explained earlier that argumentation occurs when different people have different viewpoints. Argumentation is a way to gain or alleviate others’ point of views in order to set the seal or …show more content…
In fact, Toulmin’s model of argument is used as practical arguments which is suitable for analyzing daily argument. When people argue in daily life, it does not only consist of three elements such as major, minor premises and conclusion, but also they can make complex arguments.
2.1.5.1 Claim Claim advocates a change of status quo . It is a change of what we think is true. Moreover, a claim is a statement that you want the other to accept. According to Mullins (2001:361) in Jaffee, a disputable assertion which needs supports or evidence so that it can be accepted and it is referred to one of syllogism premise, the major premise is called claim. The characteristics of claims are controversial, clear, balance, and challenge (Warnick and Inc). It needs to be arguable, not ambigious, confronting with value, belief, or communicant attitude. Fisher, Copy, and Cohen use conclusion indicators to identify claim, for example “so”, “therefore”, “then”, and “consequently”. To review, claim is divided into three: factual claim, value claim,and policy claim (Jaffe, 2002:361). Factual claim argues about what exists, what causes something else, or what the future will bring. Value claim deals with the rightness, the goodness, or the worth of a thing. Finally, policy claim argues over action or proposal for change. The example of claim is if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be “I am a British
It has been explained earlier that argumentation occurs when different people have different viewpoints. Argumentation is a way to gain or alleviate others’ point of views in order to set the seal or …show more content…
In fact, Toulmin’s model of argument is used as practical arguments which is suitable for analyzing daily argument. When people argue in daily life, it does not only consist of three elements such as major, minor premises and conclusion, but also they can make complex arguments.
2.1.5.1 Claim Claim advocates a change of status quo . It is a change of what we think is true. Moreover, a claim is a statement that you want the other to accept. According to Mullins (2001:361) in Jaffee, a disputable assertion which needs supports or evidence so that it can be accepted and it is referred to one of syllogism premise, the major premise is called claim. The characteristics of claims are controversial, clear, balance, and challenge (Warnick and Inc). It needs to be arguable, not ambigious, confronting with value, belief, or communicant attitude. Fisher, Copy, and Cohen use conclusion indicators to identify claim, for example “so”, “therefore”, “then”, and “consequently”. To review, claim is divided into three: factual claim, value claim,and policy claim (Jaffe, 2002:361). Factual claim argues about what exists, what causes something else, or what the future will bring. Value claim deals with the rightness, the goodness, or the worth of a thing. Finally, policy claim argues over action or proposal for change. The example of claim is if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be “I am a British