Figure 3 Superoxide radical scavenging activity. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3). ABL‚ lyophilized aqueous extract of A. bilimbi fruits; ABP‚ petroleum ether fraction of ABL; ABE‚ ethyl acetate fraction of ABL; ABB‚ butanol fraction of ABL; ABW‚ aqueous fraction of ABL; QU‚ quercetin. 3.3.5 Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity Lyophilized aqueous extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fruits (ABL) and its different solvent fractions exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of nitric oxide radicals. The IC50
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separate vials‚ label and store. 13. Disassemble and clean the fractional distilling apparatus using hexane for the joints and acetone for the glassware. III. Observations O O O O Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate (boiling point ~ 78◦C) (boiling point ~ 120◦C) Initial temperature of fractional distillation apparatus:
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The intermolecular forces that can be present in a solution are london dispersion forces‚ dipole-dipole force‚ hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole forces. In this experiment the substances that were used were acetone‚ methanol‚ water‚ 1- butanol and ethyl acetate. Acetone is the organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂CO. It is a colorless‚ volatile‚ flammable liquid‚ and is the simplest ketone. It takes 21 seconds for it to completely disappear. It was the first to evaporate among all tested substances
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Process Description Acetaldehyde is produced via dehydrogenation of Ethanol. The reaction is as below: CH3CH2OH CH3CHO + H2 ‚ ΔH = +82.5 kJ/mol Besides the main reaction producing Acetaldehyde‚ there are three side reactions present in the reactor‚ as shown below: 2 CH3CH2OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2 2 CH3CH2OH CH3(CH2)3OH + H2O CH3CH2OH + H2O CH3COOH + H2O The feed of 90% Ethanol is kept in a storage tank with an air vent. Tank blanketing is used in the storage tank with Nitrogen gas. This
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solvents. However in this green chemistry experiment‚ a safer chromatography solvent mixture (hexanes and ethyl acetate) is used to help with the avoidance of solvent usage‚ the use of solid supported reactions and the use of alternative energy sources. Materials & Methods * 0.43ml of Benzaldehyde 0.30ml of pyrrole * 0.63g of Silica Gel 15ml of Ethyl Acetate * 25 mL Erlenmelyer flask Glass rod * Microwave oven Pyrex watch glass
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sink drain but the other must go into the designated waste container. State of Sep Funnel Description Picture/Visual 20 mL of water and ethyl acetate with red dye separated by layer The red layer is clearly the bottom water layer since we know the dye was polar and supposed to mix / interact with the water layer. Therefore‚ the top layer must be the ethyl acetate
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precipitate formed Formation of Esters a. From Carboxylic acids Acetic acid + ethanol + H2SO4 - produced a sweet smell b. From Acyl Halides Ethanol + H2O + H2SO4 - produced a sweet smell Hydroxamic acid test for the Ester group Ethyl acetate in ether + NH2OH.HCl + KOH heat effervescence + alcoholic HCl + FeCl3 – red colored solution Hydrolysis of acid derivatives H2O + Acetic anhydride 2-immiscible layer formed‚ blue litmus paper turned red‚ test tube becomes warm
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concentration of the extract that scavenges 50% of the ABTS•+. The ABTS•+ scavenging abilities of the crude extract as well as the ethyl acetate fraction and its sub-fractions are presented in Table 2. For the solvent partitioned fraction‚ a similar trend to the DPPH• scavenging results was observed in the ABTS•+ scavenging activity‚ with the highest activity being found in the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 = 61.0 _g/ml)‚ which was 3.7 times lower than those of the crude ethanolic extract (IC50 = 223.2 _g/ml)
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Allelopathic activity of the aqueous methanol extracts of Mangifera indica L. leaves The aqueous methanol extracts obtained from mango leaves inhibited seed germination of radish and sand fescue‚ and inhibited seedling growth of root and shoot growth of radish‚ rapeseed‚ sand fescue and crabgrass (Figure 1 and 2). The extract obtained from 0.03 g dry weight of mango leaves inhibited 20 and 50 % germination of radish and sand fescue respectively‚ on day 4 (Figure 2). The extract obtained from 0.03
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Carboxylic acid derivatives namely‚ acyl halides‚ acid anhydrides‚ esters and amides were classified through different reactivity tests. The samples used were acetyl chloride for acyl halide group‚ acetic anhydride for acid anhydride group‚ ethyl acetate for ester group‚ acetamide and benzamide for amide group. These derivatives were identified through the mechanism of hydrolysis‚ alcoholysis and aminolysis reactions. Positive results were obtained and the presence of a carboxylic acid derivative
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