Progress of Malaysian Women
The Progress of Malaysian Women Since Independence 1957 - 2000
Published by: Ministry of Women and Family Development Level 1-4, Block E Bukit Perdana Government Office Complex Jalan Dato’ Onn 50515 Kuala Lumpur Tel:03-29630095 Fax:03-26938498 E-mail:info@kpwk.gov.my Website:www.kpwk.gov.my
With funding support from: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam Published September 2003 ISBN:983-41432-0-6 Printed by: Bar Code Design Network
Copyright © 2003 Ministry of Women and Family Development. All Right Reser ved. Request for permission to reprint any material should be directed to the Ministry of Women and Family Development.
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOREWORD CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY III. METHODOLOGY IV. OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT V. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING VI ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN VII. LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN - Women under the Federal Constitution - Employment Legislation and Women - Other Laws Affecting the Status of Women VIII. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 2 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF WOMEN I. INTRODUCTION II. FORMAL EDUCATION - Enrolment in Primary and Secondary Schools - Female Enrolment in Technical and Vocational Education - Tertiary Education - Education Attainment of Rural Women - International Comparison in Educational Attainment III. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IV. FUTURE CHALLENGES V. RECOMMENDATIONS VI. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 3 - WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY I. INTRODUCTION II. TRENDS IN WOMEN'S ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION - Women in the Labour Force - Employment Status of Women - Employment by Sector - Employment by Occupational Category - Potential Growth Areas: Women in Business and Professional Services
Page vii x 14 14 16 17 18 19 23 26 26 27 28 30 33 33 33 34 37 39 42 42 43 47 50 51 53 53 54 54 55 56 61 64
The Progress of Women Since Independence
III. IV. V.
- Women Entrepreneurs: From Micro-Enterprises to Small
Published by: Ministry of Women and Family Development Level 1-4, Block E Bukit Perdana Government Office Complex Jalan Dato’ Onn 50515 Kuala Lumpur Tel:03-29630095 Fax:03-26938498 E-mail:info@kpwk.gov.my Website:www.kpwk.gov.my
With funding support from: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam Published September 2003 ISBN:983-41432-0-6 Printed by: Bar Code Design Network
Copyright © 2003 Ministry of Women and Family Development. All Right Reser ved. Request for permission to reprint any material should be directed to the Ministry of Women and Family Development.
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOREWORD CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY III. METHODOLOGY IV. OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT V. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING VI ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN VII. LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN - Women under the Federal Constitution - Employment Legislation and Women - Other Laws Affecting the Status of Women VIII. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 2 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF WOMEN I. INTRODUCTION II. FORMAL EDUCATION - Enrolment in Primary and Secondary Schools - Female Enrolment in Technical and Vocational Education - Tertiary Education - Education Attainment of Rural Women - International Comparison in Educational Attainment III. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IV. FUTURE CHALLENGES V. RECOMMENDATIONS VI. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 3 - WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY I. INTRODUCTION II. TRENDS IN WOMEN'S ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION - Women in the Labour Force - Employment Status of Women - Employment by Sector - Employment by Occupational Category - Potential Growth Areas: Women in Business and Professional Services
Page vii x 14 14 16 17 18 19 23 26 26 27 28 30 33 33 33 34 37 39 42 42 43 47 50 51 53 53 54 54 55 56 61 64
The Progress of Women Since Independence
III. IV. V.
- Women Entrepreneurs: From Micro-Enterprises to Small