Chapter 4. Costs and Cost Minimization Problem Set 1. Suppose the production of airframes is characterized by a CES production function: Q = (L½ + K½)2. The marginal products for this production function are MPL = (L½ + K½)L−½ and MPK = (L½+ K½)K−½. Suppose that the price of labor is $10 per unit and the price of capital is $1 per unit. Find the cost-minimizing combination of labor and capital for an airframe manufacturer that wants to produce 121‚000 airframes. The tangency condition
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contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed costs and profit of the business once variable costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of total contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and only considers any surplus left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence‚ contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and‚ once these are paid‚ the profits of the business
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aware of at least the basics of financial plans which are revenue‚ cost and profit. These three things can make or break a company. Each of these things must be understood and considered before plans can be laid to create or better a company. Revenue is the amount a company receives (Marginal Revenue‚ 2009). If a company is in the business of sales‚ revenue is the amount of money the company receives per unit sold. Marginal revenue is the amount of money a company receives for the last unit
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best price or availability) Revenue Curves Total Revenue Total Revenue Curve Average & Marginal Revenue Average & Marginal Revenue Total Revenue - Total Quantity x Price. Marginal Revenue – the revenue earned by selling one more units. Average Revenue - total revenue/quantity. Since all the units are the same price‚ each new unit would have the same average revenue‚ so the marginal revenue = total revenue. To compete or collaborate? Since firms are interdependent‚ they have the
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Cost Theory in Economics A central economic concept is that getting something requires giving up something else. For example‚ earning more money may require working more hours‚ which costs more leisure time. Economists use cost theory to provide a framework for understanding how individuals and firms allocate resources in such a way that keeps costs low and benefits high. 1. Function * Economists view costs as what an individual or firm must give up to get something else. Opening a
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LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY: The law of diminishing marginal utility describes a familiar and fundamental tendency of humanbehavior. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that: “As a consumer consumes more and more units of a specific commodity‚ the utility from the successiveunits goes on diminishing”. Mr. H. Gossen‚ a German economist‚ was first to explain this law in 1854. Alfred Marshal later onrestated this law in the following words: “The additional benefit which a person
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1. The owner to the small pizzeria should compare the marginal benefit expected from increasing the radius of delivery area by one mile with the marginal cost. Some other additional cost of resources that would be required is the extra gas that will be used during the extra mile added. In result‚ you can begin with a marginal choice to see how these choices affect the additional sales revenue. 2. 200 C Cars 100 B
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Total‚ average‚ and marginal product Total Product Curve The total product (or total physical product) of a variable factor of production identifies what outputs are possible using various levels of the variable input. This can be displayed in either a chart that lists the output level corresponding to various levels of input‚ or a graph that summarizes the data into a “total product curve”. The diagram shows a typical total product curve. In this example‚ output increases as more inputs
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The Problem of Social Cost I. The Problem to Be Examined1 This paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harmful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighboring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the factory‚ in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in
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labor‚ $10 worth of raw materials is used in the production of each parka. (a) By minimizing cost subject to the production function‚ derive the cost-minimizing demands for K and L as a function of output (q)‚ wage rate (w)‚ and rental rates on machines (r). Use these results to derive the total cost function: that is‚ costs as a function of q‚r‚ w‚ and the constant $10 per unit materials cost. (b) Polly’s Parkas plans to produce 2000 parkas per week. At the factor prices given above‚ how
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