Ap Biology
AP ESSAY ANSWERS: 16-20
1. Information transfer is fundamental to all living organisms. For TWO of the following examples, explain in detail, how the transfer of information is accomplished. A) The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells. B) A gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein. C) The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction or conjugation. 16 total pts possible
A) max 8 pts combined (4 pts max each part – Part a is looking for “copy and distribute”) “copy”= DNA replication -when DNA is copied- interphase, S phase of cell cycle -recognition of origin site on DNA -concept of unwinding enzyme (helicase) -RNA primer (RNA primase) -DNA polymerase- adds complementary nucleotides to DNA template strand -concept of complementary relationship among bases-semiconservative antiparallel backbones and 5’ -> 3’ generation of new segments -DNA ligase- hooks Okazawki fragments together -Other- telomere replication, proofing by DNA polymerase “distribute”=Mitosis -concept of chromatid pairs or doubled chromosomes -prophase- condensation of chromosomes, spindle formation -metaphase-alignment of chromosomes -anaphase- separation of chromatids or equivalent statement -telophase/cytokenesis- nuclear membrane reforms, division to two cells-cell plate or furrow, -other- cell cycle control, cell surface area/volume ratio and mitosis
B) max 8 pts combined (4 pts max each part- Part B is looking for transcription and translation Transcription -functional definition- DNA sequence to RNA sequence -promoter recognition -RNA polymerase- adds complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA template -complementary relationships (T changes to U) -5’-> 3’- growth of new strand -start site/termination sequences -introns/exons with general explanation -caps/tails for mRNA processing
1. Information transfer is fundamental to all living organisms. For TWO of the following examples, explain in detail, how the transfer of information is accomplished. A) The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells. B) A gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein. C) The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction or conjugation. 16 total pts possible
A) max 8 pts combined (4 pts max each part – Part a is looking for “copy and distribute”) “copy”= DNA replication -when DNA is copied- interphase, S phase of cell cycle -recognition of origin site on DNA -concept of unwinding enzyme (helicase) -RNA primer (RNA primase) -DNA polymerase- adds complementary nucleotides to DNA template strand -concept of complementary relationship among bases-semiconservative antiparallel backbones and 5’ -> 3’ generation of new segments -DNA ligase- hooks Okazawki fragments together -Other- telomere replication, proofing by DNA polymerase “distribute”=Mitosis -concept of chromatid pairs or doubled chromosomes -prophase- condensation of chromosomes, spindle formation -metaphase-alignment of chromosomes -anaphase- separation of chromatids or equivalent statement -telophase/cytokenesis- nuclear membrane reforms, division to two cells-cell plate or furrow, -other- cell cycle control, cell surface area/volume ratio and mitosis
B) max 8 pts combined (4 pts max each part- Part B is looking for transcription and translation Transcription -functional definition- DNA sequence to RNA sequence -promoter recognition -RNA polymerase- adds complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA template -complementary relationships (T changes to U) -5’-> 3’- growth of new strand -start site/termination sequences -introns/exons with general explanation -caps/tails for mRNA processing