Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Introduction: To determine the total amount of carbonate in unrefined sodium carbonate‚ soda ash‚ a titration is done using a standardized solution of HCl. Aqueous HCl is a strong acid and therefore almost completely disassociates into H+ and CL-. Therefore‚ when HCl is used in a titration‚ the H+ is the titrant. Carbonate in aqueous solution is able to accept a proton‚ i.e. it acts as a base. When carbonate accepts the H+ a bicarbonate ion is formed. Na2CO3(aq) + HCl(aq)
Premium Hydrochloric acid Titration PH indicator
The Preparation of 1- Bromobutane Introduction... Aim : To prepare 1-Bromobutane. Background : The most common way of preparing alkyl halides‚ which are very useful intermediates in syntheses‚ is the replacement of the OH group of an alcohol by a halogen. This replacement is a nucleophilic substitution reaction‚ and alcohols do not undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions because hydroxide ison is strongly basic and a poor leaving group. However‚ alcohols readily undergo
Premium Sulfuric acid Sodium chloride Hydrochloric acid
experiments in determining the quantities ∆Hᶿ for the reactions of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. The reaction are as follow: 2NaHCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) [1] ∆Hᶿ = Y kJmol-1 Na2CO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g) [2] ∆Hᶿ = Z kJmol-1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1] – [2’] 2NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s) +H2O (l) + CO2 (g) [3] ∆Hᶿ = X kJmol-1 The enthalpy‚ H is defined as
Premium Thermodynamics Energy Entropy
GROUP A MODEL ANSWER Howard et al.‚ Temperature-induced structural changes in CaCl2‚ CaBr2 and CrCl2: A synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction Phys. Rev. B 72‚ 214114 (2005). DO NOT PLAGIARISE THIS MODEL ANSWER Paragraph 1 This article concerns about 2 polymorph structures that is associated with temperature-induced structural transitions. One of the structure being studied is the orthorhombic structure‚ or sometimes referred to as the calcium chloride structure‚ that is observed before the transition
Premium Crystallography
chemical changes. Lab questions: 1. Based on my observation CaCl2 is soluble in water. 2. When 15% of HCl was added to CaCl2 as the teacher was performing the experiment I observed and realized some changes took place physically. It was physical change because the color was clear. 3. By adding 15% of HCl of CaCo3 ‚ made it change chemically‚ I would tell this by effervescence and observation. 4. The most obvious difference is that when CaCl2 was mixed with 15% HCl it changed physically and the solid
Premium Carbon dioxide Calcium
Materials Mass (g) Clean and dry test tube 15.1632 Clean test tube + NaHCO3 17.1647 Amount of NaHCO3 added 2.0015 After heated test tube + NaHCO3 16.4500 Amount of solid product (NaHCO3 + any unreacted NaHCO3) 1.2868 Part 2: Titration of Na2CO3 with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) First Reading Second Reading Third Reading Initial
Premium Chemical reaction Chemistry Chlorine
The decomposition of sodium carbonate is definitely‚ Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(g). The was the only equation that matched up exactly with my data in terms of percentage. To start off with‚ when I balanced out the equation‚ I got 2 NaHCO3→ 1 Na2CO3(s)+ 1 CO2(g)+ 1 H2O(g). Therefore when I set up my stoichiometry problem I got 3.2 grams NaHCO3 over 1 x 1 mol NaHCO3 over 84.007g NaHCO3 x 1mol Na2CO3 over 2 mol NaHCO3 x 105.987g Na2CO3 x 1 mol Na2CO3. Hence‚ I multiplied 3.2 x 1 x 1 x 105.987 and got 339
Premium Chemistry Carbon dioxide Sodium hydroxide
Neutralization Titrations: The Determination of Sodium Carbonate from Unknown Soda Ash Unknown # I. Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to determine the weight % of Na2CO3 through the preparation of NaOH and HCl standards. The molarity of the standards will be found through titration of KHP for NaOH‚ HCl vs the known NaOH‚ and the unknown Soda Ash sample vs the known HCl. II. Equations and Sample Calculations: Titration of HCl with NaOH: Complete Equation: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Premium Sodium hydroxide PH indicator Titration
7 INVESTIGATING STOICHIOMETRY WITH SODIUM SALTS OF CARBONIC ACID Introduction In this experiment we are going to get a better understanding of chemical stoichiometry. We are going to be reacting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). To start off the mass of two unknown substances (being the sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate) will be taken. We will need to construct balanced equations for both of the reactants with the HCl and use this to guide
Premium Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Chlorine
a) Sodium Carbonate: Na2CO3 CO2 + Na2O b) Magnesium Chloride: 2MgCl2 Mg2 + 4Cl c)Ammonium Hydroxide: NH4OH H2O + NH3 You did not show any ionic charges on the products. All of these compounds are ionic compounds they will simply separate into the ions‚ there will
Premium Chemistry Green Color