............................................................................................4 3.1. Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Process .....................................................................5 3.2. Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ............................... .............................................................5 3.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis ......................... ......................................................................5 3.4. Wet Milling Processes
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commonly used in quality control of fat and oil. Fats and oils are one of the large variety and important sources in the world. It contains acidity which is the result of the degree of breakdown of the triacylglycerols by a chemical reaction known as hydrolysis or lipolysis generally. Fresh and healthy oils or fats may also have significant amounts of acidity. This fact is usually due to the errors during the biosynthesis or extraction of oils from fruits. Oils and fats that produced from low quality fruit
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Title: Investigation of action of saliva and hydrochloric acid in two carbohydrate solutions. Objective: To determine the action of amylase and hydrochloric acid in two carbohydrates solutions Apparatus and equipments: 1. Boiling tube 2. Metal test tube racks 3. Beaker 4. Graduated plastic dropper 5. Water bath‚ ~37ᵒC 6. Water bath‚ ~95ᵒC Materials: 1. Carbohydrate solution A 2. Carbohydrate solution B 3. Benedict’s solution 4. 3M Hydrochloric acid 5. 3M Sodium hydroxide Procedures: 1. Two
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Topic 8a – Carbonyl compounds Revision Notes 1. Introduction • Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds • They contain the carbonyl group C=O • The functional group in aldehydes is –CHO on the end of a chain e.g. ethanal CH3CHO • The functional group in ketones is C=O not at the end of a chain e.g. propanone CH3COCH3 2. AS Recap • Primary alcohols are oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate. An aldehyde is produced first and this can be further oxidised
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(condensation) and hydrolysis reaction. Include a diagram to illustrate both 6. What’s the biological relevance of dehydration and hydrolysis reactions ― that is of being able to assemble polymers from monomers and to disassemble polymers into monomers? Biological polymers (proteins‚ polysaccharides‚ nucleic acids) and lipids are assembled by dehydration synthesis; they are disassembled into their monomers (or into glycerol + fatty acids in the case of lipids) by hydrolysis reactions. 7. Explain
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negative test Yellow – color change – positive test 6. MaConkey’s Agar Positive control - E.coli Selective for negative gram stain . Differential for organism that could ferment lactase Growth pink – positive No growth – negative 7. Gelatin Hydrolysis ( Gelatinase) Positive control – P.aeruginosa Liquid –positive test Solid - Negative test 8. Blood agar Positive control – S. aureus A. Betahemolysis B. alphahemolysis C. gammahemolysis 9. FTM *broth – O2 relationship with 10. MRVP (mix
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OBJECTIVE: 1. To distinguish the bacteria abilities to metabolize various substrates and end products formed. 2. To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria. INTRODUCTION: Bacteria biochemical testing can determine the types and numbers in terms of colony forming units of bacteria present in a
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1. Functions of Soap Soap primarily serves as a dirt remover and a cleanser. It is used in bathing‚ cleaning‚ and also as a lubricant. Oil‚ grease‚ and other forms of dirt do not dissolve in water. Conversely‚ soap can suspend these in such a way that it can be discarded through its ability to act as an emulsifying agent. This emulsifying agent enables the dispersion of liquid into another immiscible liquid. In this manner‚ oil does not mix with water whereby able to induce dirt. 2. Raw materials
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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because contact with water would hydrolyze it into acetic acid and hydrogen chloride. In fact‚ if handled in open air it gives off white smoke owing to the hydrolysis from the moisture in the air. The "smoke" is actually small droplets of hydrochloric acid formed by hydrolysis. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/amides/background.html Hydrolysis Acetic anhydride dissolves in water to approximately 2.6% by weight.[10] Aqueous solutions have limited stability because‚ like most acid anhydrides
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