up the rocks in a number of ways. The process depends upon the rocks’ mineralogical composition‚ and the nature of chemical environment surrounding them. Some of the main processes of chemical weathering are: 1. solution‚ 2. hydration and hydrolysis‚ 3. oxidation and reduction‚ 4. carbonation‚ 5. base exchange‚ and 6. formation of colloids. 1. SOLUTION Some rocks contain one or more minerals that are soluble in water to some extent. Rock salt (NaCl)‚ gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) and calcite
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data for economic and environmental analysis. Results show that the integrated first and second generation ethanol production process from sugarcane leads to better economic results when compared with the stand-alone plant‚ especially when advanced hydrolysis technologies and pentoses fermentation are included. 1. Introduction Increasing concerns about climate change and energy security have motivated the search for alternative forms of energy (Karuppiah et al.‚ 2008). Since the transportation sector
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enzyme specificity of action is related to the fact that the enzyme only catalyzes one of the possible transformations of a substrate. Invertase is beta-fructofuranosidase (EC3.2.1.26)‚ which implies that the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is the hydrolysis of the terminal nonreducing beta-fructofuranoside residues in beta-fructofuranosides. The objective of this experiment is to investigate specificity of
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reactivity tests. The samples used were acetyl chloride for acyl halide group‚ acetic anhydride for acid anhydride group‚ ethyl acetate for ester group‚ acetamide and benzamide for amide group. These derivatives were identified through the mechanism of hydrolysis‚ alcoholysis and aminolysis reactions. Positive results were obtained and the presence of a carboxylic acid derivative in each compound was confirmed. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction
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accurately a definite number of aspirin tablets (two or three tablets weighing no more than 1.5 g) into a 250 cm3 conical flask. Initiate the hydrolysis of the aspirin by adding 25 cm3 of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide by pipette‚ diluting with approximately the same volume of distilled water. Warm the flask over a tripod and gauze for ten minutes to complete the hydrolysis. b. Cool the reaction mixture and transfer with washings to a 250 cm3 volumetric flask‚ dilute to the mark with distilled water and then
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significant impact on the hydrolysis of starch. By breaking the alpha‚ 1-4 glycosidic linkages in the carbohydrates‚ amylase hydrolyzes the starch‚ a polysaccharides that is stored in plants and cannot be directly digested by animal cells‚ into maltose‚ a disaccharide that later generate two units of glucose to undergo metabolisms and provides necessary energy (Slaughter et al.‚ 2001). The enzymatic activity of α-amylase is facilitated by calcium and chloride ions during the hydrolysis (Marini‚ 2006 and
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with fermentative microbes and only top few mm will turns yellow when cultured with oxidative microbes. B) Starch hydrolysis Not every microbe can produce amylase to hydrolyze starch. This session is to test the ability of microbes for the activity of starch hydrolysis. The presence of blue color upon the adding of iodine indicates that starch is not hydrolyzed. C) Gelatin Hydrolysis Gelatin is the convenient substrate to test for proteolytic enzymes in microorganisms. This session will be testing
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test which showed the microorganism was Gram positive and rod shaped. Using an Unknown Identification Flowchart‚ I proceeded to inoculate a Starch plate. In week 2‚ I analyzed the Starch plate and was able to determine that the results for Starch Hydrolysis were negative due to the dark color. Next‚ I inoculated Simmons Citrate Agar slants. By week 3 I was able to analyze the Citrate Agar‚ which tested negative for citrate utilization. With each successive test‚ the list of possible identities was
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cellulose wastes more susceptible to hydrolysis is by subjecting them to a short burst of high energy electron beam radiation. An alternative to acid hydrolysis is the use of enzymes. · Although they avoid the corrosion problems and loss of fuel product associated with acid hydrolysis‚ enzymes have their own drawbacks. Enzymatic hydrolysis slows as the glucose product accumulates in a reaction vessel. This end-product inhibition eventually halts the hydrolysis unless some way is found to draw off
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36g Cycloaddition product is 0.358g (maybe it was not completely dry when I weighted.) The % yield of Diels-Alder reaction is 99.4% For the hydrolysis: The theoretical yield of hydrolysis is 0.396g The experimental product yield is 0.28g (some solid left on the filter paper and some for the melting point measurement.) The % yield of hydrolysis is 70.7% Discussion: The cycloaddition of a conjugated diene and a dienophile‚ which is drove by forming new σ-bonds from π-electrons of the
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