National Income is defined as the sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country‚ in a particular period of time. Normally this period consists of one year duration‚ as a year is neither too short nor long a period. National product is usually used synonymous with National income. Concepts of National Income There are different concepts of National Income‚ namely; GNP‚ GDP‚ NNP‚ Personal Income and Disposable Income. Gross National Product (GNP) GNP at market price is sum total of
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faster than the total population. However it must be remembered that real income per capita on its own is both an inaccurate and insufficient indicator of true living standards both within and between countries. National income data can be used to make cross-country comparisons. This requires * Converting GDP data into a common currency (normally the dollar or the Euro) * Making an adjustment to reflect differences in the average cost of goods and services in each country to produce data expressed
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NATION’S INCOME PART 1: MULTIPLE CHOICES: 1. Macroeconomists study a. decisions of households and firms. b. the interaction of households and firms. c. economy-wide phenomena. d. regulations on firms and unions. 2. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroeconomist? a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others? b. Why do wages differ across industries? c. Why do production and income increase
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Income-tax Act‚ 1961 | No. | Title | Section - 001 | Short title‚ extent and commencement | | Section - 002 Part A | Definitions [Clause (1) to Clause (15)] - "Advance Tax" to "Charitable Purpose" | | Section - 002 Part B | Definitions [Clause (15A) to Clause (30)] - "Chief Commissioner" to "Non-resident" | | Section - 002 Part C | Definitions [Clause (31) to Clause (48)] - "Person" to "Zero Coupon Bond" | | Section - 003 | Previous year defined | | Section - 004
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The exploitation of low-income countries by high-income countries INTRODUCTION Over the years living conditions around the world have improved‚ even in the poorest of countries. Despite this there is still a clear difference between high-income countries and low-income countries. High-income countries are defined as countries with very productive economic systems where the majority of people have fairly high incomes‚ while low-income countries are defineed as having low economic systems
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(Note: This is a continuation of the Cookie Chronicle from Chapters 1 through 3.) CCC4 Cookie Creations is gearing up for the winter holiday season. During the month of December 2011‚ the following transactions occur. Continuing Cookie Chronicle 219 Dec. 1 5 8 9 15 16 19 23 23 23 28 Natalie hires an assistant at an hourly wage of $8 to help with cookie making and some administrative duties. Natalie teaches the class that was booked on November 25. The balance out- standing is received.
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in variable costs on a company ’s profitability. C. changes in fixed costs on a company ’s profitability. D. changes in product sales mix on a company ’s profitability. E. All of these. 2. The break-even point is that level of activity where: A. total revenue equals total cost. B. variable cost equals fixed cost. C. total contribution margin equals the sum of variable cost plus fixed cost. D. sales revenue equals total variable cost. E. profit is greater than zero. 3. The unit contribution margin
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relevant. It is more likely that full product costs will be relevant costs for long-run pricing decisions. 12-3 Two examples of pricing decisions with a short-run focus: 1. Pricing for a one-time-only special order with no long-term implications. 2. Adjusting product mix and volume in a competitive market. 12-4 Activity-based costing helps managers in pricing decisions in two ways. 1. It gives managers more accurate product-cost information for making pricing decisions. 2. It helps managers
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Chapter 1 Prices‚ Discount Factors‚ and Arbitrage STARTING WITH COUPON BONDS • Three aspects: In May 2010 the U.S. Treasury sold a bond with – a coupon rate of 2 % and – a maturity date of May 31‚ 2015 – a payment frequency of two a year‚ six months apart s of May 31‚ 2015” • This bond is called “ Coupon rate 9/5/2013 Coupon frequency‚ “s” is for “semi‐annual” L. Wu maturity 2 Cash Flow of the Bond • The unit for bond purchasing is $1‚000. • Suppose that an investor purchases $1m face
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Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation’s Income TRUE/FALSE 1. In years of economic contraction‚ firms throughout the economy increase their production of goods and services‚ employment rises‚ and jobs are easy to find. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 23-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics TOP: Economic expansion MSC: Definitional 2. Macroeconomic statistics include GDP‚ the inflation rate‚ the unemployment rate‚ retail sales‚ and the trade deficit. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF:
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