Constantinople
Also known as Istanbul, Byzantium, Eastern Roman Empire. Constantine moved capital to Constantinople.
Justinian
Reigned from 527-565. Military conquests, rebuilds city, law code. From Macedonia. Adopted. Had a lot of smart people working in his administration. Retook Rome as a way to get a larger tax base. Wanted to restore religious unity, afraid Jesus was returning and wanted Rome back to the great city it was.
Theodora
Justinian’s wife. “Dancer” might have been a prostitute. Co-ruler of the Empire. Shrewd negotiator. During riots in Constantinople she told Justinian he needed to take care of his city.
Hagia Sophia
Justinian restored many buildings. Built many news ones. Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) Biggest most beautiful Catholic church in the world at the time.
Roman Law Code
Complicated, unorganized. Organized and explained Roman Law in one text. Created a model for law codes used in many countries today. Defined and explained terms. Broke down laws into either natural, civil, national.
Petrine Doctrine
The Petrine Doctrine is based upon Catholic tradition, which proclaims the legitimacy and supremacy of the Pope over all other bishops of the Catholic Church.
Islam
Arab Peninsula
Seperates middle east from Africa. Hot and dry climate. Effects identity and culture of people living there. Desert with Oasis. Center for trade.
Pre-Muslim Culture
Built around caravans, and tribes that function as traders. Tribal culture. Bedouin. Tribal fighting for oasis. Violent, lot of fighting internally among Arabians themselves.
Mohammed
Born around 570-632. Raised in Mecca, thriving trade port. Messenger, not supposed to worship Muhammad. Both his parent’s die. Raised by Uncle who is a Bedouin trader. Grows up feeling like an outsider. Thoughtful, religiously intrigued guy, average guy. Regarded as someone you could go to with your problems or diplomatic concerns. Had a vision of the angel Gabriel, Gabriel told him he was to be an apostle to his people.
Qur’an
Islamic “bible”, poem, meant to be read out loud.
Five Pillars
Shahada – statement of faith “There is no God but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet”, Salah – Prayer, Zakah – Charity, Sawm – Fasting, The Hajj - Pilgrimage
Cause of the spread
Spreads by being accommodating.
Treatment of conquered
They were not killed or raped like it was usual for arab tribes to do. Conquer and then made better.
Jihad
War or Battle in defense of the faith. Should be defensive. 10.Role of Women
Mecca
Hajj
Journey to Mecca, circling the Kaaba, great tool for enabling ideas to spread
Relation with science
Scientific method, algebra, trigonometry, astronomy, basically come up with the idea of germs and bacteria. Create the hospital. Create hollow needles to remove cataracts. Baghdad
2nd center of the Islamic community. Population of a million people at the time. Filled with books, baths, libraries, scholars. All major thinking and learning came out of here. Christians, Muslims, Jews all working together. Cordoba
Conquered by Muslim expansion. In Spain. Hospitals, palaces, paved roads, libraries, running water, street lights. Cathedral at Cordoba. Alhambra
Fountains, ornate sculptures and designs. Crusades/ consequences
Saladin
Damascus
Where Islam really begins to flourish. First main center of the Islamic community. Sunni
90%, 940 million. Believed Muhammad didn’t pick a successor. Imams serve mostly political role. No formal clergy. Shia
10%, 120 million. Believed Muhammad DID pick a successor. Caliphs/Imams are spiritual leaders inspired by Mohammed. Located in Iran, Iraq, Yemen Umayyad Caliphate
Main power base in Damascus, followed Mohammad. embrace Greek and Roman ideas. Abbasid Caliphate
Baghdad, culturaly progressive, embrace Greek and Roman ideas. Imbrace math, writing, literature.
EMA
400-1000 ce Early Medivial Era
Wergild
was a value placed on every human being and every piece of property in the Salic Code. Also known as "man price". If property was stolen, or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person would have to pay weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
Germanic tribes
Vikings, doesn't mean people from Germany, certain characteristics. culture lived in rural, wood buildings, small little villages, very likely to not have a barn, farm animals live in the house with you, militaristic culture, leadership were warriors who are elected as leaders, mostly vegetarian diet,
Monastic Life
Scribes mearly copied down old texts, not doing anything new
Benedictine Rule
73 chapters, duties of abbot, how to worship, discipline
Monasteries
free from local control
Dominicans
Scholasticism
Faith seeking understanding, thomas aquinas, embraces reason, ennobles humanity (closer to god)
Feudal Life no effective central authority
Feudal Structure
Grant of land by a lord to a vassal for military service (40 days a year +/-) Vassals have vassals. Provided a decentralized form of government
Serf Obligations required to work % for lord, tied to the manor, church tax "tithe". life of labor, poverty, little freedom, tight village community
Manorial structure land divided into three fields, fields divided into narrow strips among peasants, fields rotated each year, system to avoid soil exhaustion
Vassals
ruled their fiefs, made own laws, enforced them, settled disputes
Chivalry
Knights
HME
1000-1300 High Medivial Era
Agricultural Revolution
Waterwheel give people more time to do things
Windmill
give people more time to do things
Harness
new harness to allow horses to plow, faster than an ox so they could plow more, again gives people more time to do things, 40% more of their fields because of horses
Plow
new heavier plow, with heavier iron, that could dig deep into the ground
Sickle
Scythe allow farmers to grow much more effectively
Manure
because they could farm more land, they became more wealthy and could afford more animals, which in turn means more manure, which means healthier crops
Legumes
"bean" that has been introduced from the middle east, improved diet, healthier pregnancies
Expanding Farmlands cut down forests and rivers dirtied 10.Crop Specialization
11.Subsistence Farming
12.Population Increase healthier pregnancies 13.Health Improvements healthier pregancies
Cathedrals 1100--1400 massive, stone, dangerous, time consuming, pride of the community, house of a bishop
Romanesque Cathedrals built on the technology and understanding of the Romans, Huge, lots of pillars, barrel vaults, arches, thick walls, small windows. Little windows, benches are not important, not about you and you being comfortable built with no seating in mind, people would often stand
Barrel Vaults looks like the inside of a barrel,
Gothic Cathedrals
Ribbed vaults arches intersect, can be further apart and higher inbetween the supports, allows for much bigger stained glass windows
Flying Buttresses
Notre Dame
Chartres
Stained Glass symbolic of european progress
Church and State Relations
Cluniac Reform
Investiture Controversy
Pope Gregory VII
Henry IV
Concordat at Worms
Crusades
Alexis I
Pope Urban II
Saladin
Impact of Crusades
LME
1300-1450 Late Medivial Era
13th Century Disasters
Bad Weather
Famine
Black / Bubonic Plague
Flagellants
Peasant Revolts
100 Years War
Weakening power of Knights
New Weapons
13. Great Western Schism
14. Avignon
15. Return to Rome
16. Catherine of Siena
Scholasticism
Machiavelli
Dante
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