Effect of Environment on Mungbean
Priming Affect Crop Stand of Mung Bean
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
.Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Shorter duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Expert. Agric. 37(4): 430-435.
Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
Taylor, A.G., D.E. Klein and T.H. Whitlow. 1988. SMP: solid matrix priming of seeds. Hort. Sci. 37: 1-11.
Priming Affect Crop Stand of Mung Bean
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
.Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Shorter duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Expert. Agric. 37(4): 430-435.
Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
Taylor, A.G., D.E. Klein and T.H. Whitlow. 1988. SMP: solid matrix priming of seeds. Hort. Sci. 37: 1-11.
Priming Affect Crop Stand of Mung Bean
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
.Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Shorter duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Expert. Agric. 37(4): 430-435.
Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
Taylor, A.G., D.E. Klein and T.H. Whitlow. 1988. SMP: solid matrix priming of seeds. Hort. Sci. 37: 1-11.
References: A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709. Austin, R.B., P.C Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227. Bradford, K.J Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593. Chimmad, V.P., K.V Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303. Gray, D., J.R.A Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15. Hardegree, S.P Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164. Khalil, S.K., G Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50. Knypl, J.S Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36. Little, T.M Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425. Madakadze, R., E.M Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70. .Musa, A.M., D Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301. Odell, G.B., D.J Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663. Peterson, J.R Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389. Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10. Taylor, A.G., D.E
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
.Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Shorter duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Expert. Agric. 37(4): 430-435.
Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
Taylor, A.G., D.E. Klein and T.H. Whitlow. 1988. SMP: solid matrix priming of seeds. Hort. Sci. 37: 1-11.
Priming Affect Crop Stand of Mung Bean
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
.Musa, A.M., D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Shorter duration chickpea to replace fallow after aman rice: the role of on-farm seed priming in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. Expert. Agric. 37(4): 430-435.
Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
Taylor, A.G., D.E. Klein and T.H. Whitlow. 1988. SMP: solid matrix priming of seeds. Hort. Sci. 37: 1-11.
Priming Affect Crop Stand of Mung Bean
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005
PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN
Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal
* Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds.
INTRODUCTION
Mung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczk) belongs to family leguminoseae, cultivated in summer through out Pakistan. Being leguminous crop, poor crop establishment is often cited as a major constraint for mung bean production (Naseem et al., 1997; Kirchof et al., 2000; Rahmianna et al., 2000). Mung bean germination and performance is always correlated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Participating rural appraisal technique were used to identify poor crop establishment as a major constraint on rain fed crop Production by farmers in India and Zimbabwe, some farmers in these countries reported soaking of seed in water prior to sowing for better crop establishment (Harris et al. 2001).
A wide variety of pre-sowing hydration treatments have been used to enhance seed Germination response. These treatments include equilibration under conditions of high humidity (Perl and Feder 1981), soaking in water (Bleak and Keller 1974, Aqui and Carleto 1978, coolbear and McGill 1990) or osmotic solution (Knypl and Khan 1981) equilibrium with a Matric-potential control surface (Gray, et al. 1990, Hardegree and Emmerich 1992a), intermixture with a porous matrix (Peterson, 1976; Taylor, et al. 1988) and simple water addition to sub germination water content (Austin et al. 1969; Lush, et al. 1981). The main objective of all these methods is to allow water uptake and germination metabolism to proceed to a point just short of radical extension (Bradford 1986, Heydecker and Coolbear 1977).
Seed priming has been shown to be effective in improving stand establishment and crop vigor in a range of crops (Musa, et al., 2001; Harris, et al., 2001). Osmo-conditioned seeds may have improved germination and uniformity, especially under adverse seedbed condition such as low temperature (Pill and Finch-Saviage, 1988; Stoffella, et al, 1988), Khalil et al. (2001) reported improvement in germination of soybean. Madakadze et al. (1993) reported increase in total germination of three flowers species seeds treated with PEG 8000. Similar results were reported by Brockle Hurst and Dearman (1983) and Odell et al. (1992) for field experiments, when they primed carrot, onion and tomato seeds.
As priming affect mung bean and other crops growth behavior in several ways, therefore a comprehensive study of priming effect necessitate to sort out the response of mung bean germination and crop stand to the different levels of PEG 8000 concentrations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Response of mung bean varieties to different levels of PEG 8000 was evaluated at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003 in factorial RCB Design. The seed of two mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 were primed for 6 and 12 hours in three levels of PEG 8000 i.e.100, 200, 300 g PEG liter-1 water along with water soaked seed equivalent to -.0.2, -0.5, -1.1 and 0 MPa osmotic potential, respectively (Michel, 1983) and control (not treated). After priming the seeds were re-dried to its original moisture content under room temperature for a whole a day. 360 seeds of mung bean were sown per plot size of 3x1.8m replicated four time. After germination thinning was done in order to maintain Plant to plant and row-to-row distance of 10 and 30 cm, respectively in all 6 rows of a plot. Nitrogen and Phosphorous fertilizer were used as a basal dose at the rate of 20 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively. Normal cultural practices for raising a successful crop were followed uniformly for all the treatments. The data were analysed with standard procedure of RCB Design and means were compared with LSD and special comparisons were made with the help of plain mean comparison (Little and Hills, 1978).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Emergence m-2
Statistical analysis of the data pertaining to emergence m-2 revealed that PEG 8000 concentration (C), seed treated duration (D) and concentration vs control significantly affected emergence m-2 (Table I).
Emergence m-2 increased as concentration increased. Maximum emergence m-2 (45.75) was recorded with 300 g PEG liter-1 water treated seed, followed by water soaked (42.25), while minimum (37.67) was recorded with seed not treated with PEG 8000 (control). Though the emergence recorded for both varieties was non-significant yet Variety nm-92 had resulted in greater emergence m-2 as compared to Variety NM-98 Maximum emergence m-2 (41.80) was recorded with 12 hours seed treatment duration as compared to 41.52 recorded for 6 hours, with the probable reason that PEG 8000 may limit the water absorption need and hence all the treated seed absorb a uniform amount of water and will result in uniform emergence. These result match with the finding of Chimmad et al. (1987) who reported maximum germination 52.7% in seed primed for 12 hour, further conformed by Madazake et al. (1993), Odell et al. (1992) Hardegree and Emmerich (1992) who reported greater germination by PEG treated seed while contradicting to the finding of Hallgram (1990) who reported no improvement in germination due to treatment of seed with PEG 8000, which show that PEG 8000 effect might be species dependent.
Number of plants at Harvest ha-1
Data regarding number of plants at harvest ha-1 presented in Table II. Perusal of the data showed that varieties (V), seed treatment duration (D), concentra-tion (C) and interactions among them had not significantly affected number of plants at harvest ha-1.
Though the difference between the two varieties was non significant, however maximum number of plants at harvest 205625 was recorded by variety NM-98, as compared to (195347) recorded with variety NM-92. Number of plants at harvest increased with the increment in PEG concentration up to 200 g PEG litre-1 water and then decreased. Maximum plants at harvest (207465) were recorded in plots in which seeds treated with 200 g PEG litre-1 water were sown while minimum of (188541) were recorded for plot in which non primed seed (Control) were sown. Increased in plants at harvest were recorded by amplifying seed treatment duration from 6 hours to 12 hours.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the preceding results and discussion it may be concluded that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 and -0.2 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution showed best results, while seed treatment duration had no significant effect. But due to high cost of PEG-8000 (Rs.8000 kg-1) it is recommended that seed of variety NM-92 primed in 0 MPa osmotic potential of PEG-8000 solution (water soaked) may be used for higher germination of mungbean.
Table I Emergence m-2 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours) Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 37.75 39.50 40.50 47.75 40.75 41.25
12 40.00 40.25 45.25 46.75 40.00 42.45
NM-98 6 35.50 40.50 41.50 45.75 45.75 41.80
12 38.85 44.50 37.75 42.75 42.50 41.15
NM-92 38.87 39.87 42.87 47.25 40.37 41.85
NM-98 36.87 42.50 39.62 44.25 44.12 41.48
6 36.62 40.00 41.00 46.75 43.25 41.52 b
12 39.12 42.37 41.50 44.75 41.25 41.80 a
Mean 37.87 b 41.18 ab 41.25 ab 45.75 ab 42.25 a 41.66
Conc. Vs C. Conc. Vs WS (C with in V) x D
Mean 42.61 a 37.87 b 42.73 42.25 36.62 39.12
Treated seed C WS 100 g/L 200 g/L 300 g/L 6 hrs 12 hrs
Emergence %age 64 56 63 62 62 69 62 63
Conc. = Concentration, C.= Control WS= Water soaked, V = Variety, D= Duration
LSD value at P0.05 for concentration = 4.691
Mean followed by one letter in common are not significantly different statistically at P0.05 using LSD.
Table II Number of plants at harvest ha-1 of Mung bean as affected by different PEG 8000 concentration and seed treatment duration.
Varieties Duration PEG 8000 Concentration (g liter water) Mean
(Hours)
Control 100 200 300 H2O soaked
NM-92 6 190912 185416 197222 204801 202083 196111
12 183333 195833 211111 197222 185416 194583
NM-98 6 186805 197916 206250 195833 215972 200555
12 193055 227777 215277 205555 211805 210694
NM-92 187152 190625 204166 201041 193750 195347
NM-98 189930 212847 210763 200694 213888 205625
6 188888 191666 201736 200347 209027 198333
12 188194 211805 213194 201886 198611 202638
Mean 188541 201736 207465 200868 203819 200486
REFERENCES
A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709.
Austin, R.B., P.C. Longden and J. Hutchinson. 1969. Some effect of hardening carrot seed. Ann. Bot. 33: 883-895.
Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227.
Bradford, K.J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. Hort. Sci. 21: 1105-1112.
Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593.
Chimmad, V.P., K.V. Subbaiah and K.V. Janardhan. 1987. Osmo-conditioning as a means of seed invigoration in green gram. Current Res. Univ. Agric. Sci. Banglor. 16(1): 6-8. IS 0253-7133.
Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303.
Gray, D., J.R.A. Steekel and L.J. Hands. 1990. Responses of vegetable seeds to control hy-dration. Ann. Bot. 66: 227-235.
Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15.
Hardegree, S.P. and W.E. Emmerich. 1992. Effect of martic priming duration and priming water potential on germination of four grasses. J. Exp. Bot. 43(247): 233-238.
Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164.
Khalil, S.K., G. Mexal and L.W. Murray. 2001. Germination of soybean seed primed in aer-ated solution of polyethylene glycol 8000. Online J. Biol. Sci.1: 105-107.
Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50.
Knypl, J.S. and A.A. Khan. 1981. Osmo-conditioning of soybean seeds to improve performance at sub optimal temperatures. Argon. J. 73: 112-116.
Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36.
Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills. 1978. Means separation. Agric. Experim. Design and Analysis by John Willey and Sons, Inc. pp.61-75.
Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425.
Madakadze, R., E.M. Chiroco and A.A. Khan. 1993. Seed germination of three flower species fol-lowing matriconditioning under various en-vironments. J. Amer. Soc. Ort. Sci. 118:330-334
Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70.
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Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301.
Odell, G.B., D.J. Canlffe, H.H. Bryan and P.J. Stoffella. 1992. Stand establishment and yield response to improve direct-seeding methods of tomatoes. Hort. Res. 7:1185-1188.
Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663.
Peterson, J.R. 1976. Osmotic priming of onion seed - the possibility of a commercial scale treat-ment. Hort. Sci. 5: 207-214.
Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389.
Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop establishment of leg-umes in rain fed lowland rice-based crop-ping system. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 67-82.
Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10.
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References: A-As-Aqui and A. Carleto. 1978. Effect of seed pre-sowing hardening on seedling emergence of Four forage species. Seed Sci. Tech. 6: 701-709. Austin, R.B., P.C Bleak, A.T. and W. Keller. 1974. Emergence and yield of six range grasses planted on four dates using natural and treated seed. J. Range Manag. 27: 225-227. Bradford, K.J Brocklehurst, P.A. and J. Dearman. 1983. Interaction between seed priming treatment and nine seed lots of carrot, celery and onion. II. Seedling emergence and plant growth. Appl. Biol. 102:585-593. Chimmad, V.P., K.V Coolbear, P., D. Drierson and W. Heydecker. 1980. Osmotic pre-sowing treatment and nucleic acid accumulation in tomato seeds (Lycoper-sicon lycopersicum). Seed Sci. Tech. 8: 289-303. Gray, D., J.R.A Hallgren, S.W. 1990. Osmotic priming southern pine seed. 59p. In: Proc. 11th North Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop. Athens. GA. June 13-15. Hardegree, S.P Harris, D., A.K. Pathan, P. Gothkar, A. Joshi, W. Chivasa and P. Nyamudeza. 2001. On-farm seed priming: using participatory methods to review and refine a key technology. Agric. Syst. 69(1-2): 151-164. Khalil, S.K., G Kirchhof, G., S. Priyono, W.H. Utomo, T. Adisar-wanto, F.V. Dacanay and H.B. So. 2000. The effect of soil puddling on the soil physi-cal properties and the growth of rice and post-rice crops. Soil and Tillage Res. 56: 37-50. Knypl, J.S Kumar, R., C.S. Tyagi and C. Ram. 1989. Associa-tion of laboratory seed parameters with field performance in mungbean. Seed and Farms. 15: 33-36. Little, T.M Lush, W.M., R.H. Greoves and P.E. Kaye. 1981. Pre-sowing hydration treatments in relation to seed germination and early seedling growth of wheat and ryegrass. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 8: 409-425. Madakadze, R., E.M Michel, B.E. 1982. Evaluation of the water potential of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. J. Plant Physiol. 72(1): 66-70. .Musa, A.M., D Naseem, S.B., A.H. Khan, M. Islam, U. Mollah and M.A. Ali. 1997. Effect of seeding method and varying surface soil moisture on the stand establishment of mungbean (Vigna ra-diata L.). Bangladesh J. Scient. and Indust. Res. 32: 295-301. Odell, G.B., D.J Perl, M. and Z. Feder. 1981. Improved seedling development of pepper seeds (Capsicum an-num) by seed treatment for re-germination activities. Seed Sci. Tech. 9: 655-663. Peterson, J.R Pill, W.G. and W.E. Finch-Savage. 1988. Effect of combining priming and plant growth regula-tor treatment on the synchronization of car-rot seed germination. Ann. Appld. Biol. 133:383-389. Rahmianna, A.A., T., Adisarwanto, G Stoffella, P.J., A. Pardossi and F. Togononi. 1988. Temperature and seed treatment effects on tap root growth of young bell peppers. Adv. Hort. Sci. 2:8-10. Taylor, A.G., D.E
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