Spherical power vi. with the slit in this position‚ the fog is reduced to best acuity. vii. the lens in place is the sphere power of the patient’s lens formula (pt’s final sphere) viii. the slit is rotated 90 degrees. This will fog the patient again viiii. the fog is again reduced to best acuity. The algebraic difference between the power of the lens in place at the end of this operation and the lens power in place at the end of step one is the minus cylinder power (c) Advantages - recommended for
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Lab #1 ‐ Introduction to the Microscopy & Observation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Introduction Many of the cells and organisms that you will be studying are at the lower limits of visibility of light microscopes; therefore‚ it is extremely important that you attain critical lighting and focussing. It is also important to handle the microscope competently to avoid damaging either the microscope or the preparation you are studying
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diseases. As you saw in Activity 33‚ “From One to Another‚” researchers Alexandre Yersin and Shibasaburo Kitasato independently used the microscope to identify the cause of the bubonic plague. Compound microscopes—microscopes that use more than one lens—were invented around 1595. These first microscopes usually magnified objects only 20–30 times their original size. But as you will learn in the next few activities‚ even this level of magnification was enough to discover a world of new scientific
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rules. Background information • The measurement of specimen size with a microscope‚ is made by using an eyepiece graticule. This is a glass or plastic disc with 8 divisions etched onto its surface‚ which is inserted into the eyepiece lens. • The size of the eyepiece graticule remains constant‚ despite the fact that the image viewed will change its size depending upon whether high- or low-power objective lenses are used. For example a cell viewed with the x40 objective
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Figure 2.3 shown‚ wherein the line of sight of the telescope is horizontal and the rod is vertical. For the notation i = spacing between stadia hairs‚ c = distance from the instrument center to the objective lens center‚ f = focal length (objective lens to focal point)‚ d = distance from the focal point F to the face of the rod‚ C = (f + c) = stadia constant‚ • for internal focusing telescope‚ C = 0.0 and • for external focusing telescope
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which led to him becoming an assistant in technical mechanics at the institute. After two years of working there he acquired a similar position in theoretical physics at the Munich University where he obtained his PhD in physics in 1908 and qualified as a university lecturer in 1910. The following year‚ Debye became Professor of Theoretical Physics at Zurich
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Spherical Mirrors A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the shape of a piece cut out of a spherical surface. There are two types of spherical mirrors: concave‚ and convex. These are illustrated in Fig. 68. The most commonly occurring examples of concave mirrors are shaving mirrors and makeup mirrors. As is well-known‚ these types of mirrors magnify objects placed close to them. The most commonly occurring examples of convex mirrors are the passenger-side wing mirrors of cars. These type of mirrors
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LIMITATION OF SIGHT AND HEARING INTRODUCTION Humans have sight and hearing limitation. Without any devices‚ our sight and hearing was limited. Most of the limitation of sight can be overcome with the help of certain optical instruments such as magnifying glass‚ microscope‚ binoculars and others. The range of frequency of hearing in human 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. It was different according to the age of a person. Hearing limitations can be overcome by using devices such as microphone‚ stethoscope‚ earphone
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-Focal adjustment; used to adjust height of stand to adjust closer too or farther from slide. -eyepiece; used to look into to see what is on the slide closer -arm; hold when carrying‚ also used to -objective lenses; must use smallest objective lens‚ they have different levels of magnification. -stand; used to hold up the microscope. -light source; needs to be turned on to be able to see. -base; hold when carrying‚ also used for standing up microscope. 2. 4x=40x ‚ 10x=100x ‚ 40x=400x ‚ 100x=1000x
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capabilities of the instrument. The number before the "x" represents the magnification power‚ while the number after the letter represents the aperture (or diameter) of the objective lens in millimeters. So a 8x35 binocular‚ for example‚ features a 35 mm lens and can make objects appear eight times closer to you. A 10x50 lens brings things 10 times closer. Dividing the second number by the first produces the value of the exit pupil‚ or the diameter of the light beam which reaches the eye in millimeters
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