incoming light rays reflect at all sorts of angles because the surface is uneven. This scattering occurs in many of the objects we encounter every day. The surface of paper is a good example. You can see just how rough it is if you peer at it under a microscope. When light hits paper‚ the waves are reflected in all directions. This is what makes paper so incredibly useful -- you can read the words on a printed page regardless of the angle at which your eyes view the surface. Another way to make colors
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NANO STRUCTURE AND NANO BAND Vivek kr. Garg ‚ Prateek sain‚ Vivek Tyagi ‚Piyush Sharma vivekpce51@gmail.com‚ piyushsharma19927@gmail.com ABSTRACT Albert Einstein first proved that each molecule measures about a nanometer (a billion of a meter) in diameter. And in 1959‚ it was Richard P. Feynman who predicted a technological world composed of self-replicating molecules whose purpose would be the production of nano-sized objects. Almost a hundred years after Einstein ’s insight and 40 years after
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Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. Achievement/Contribution: Newton’s accomplishments in life were many. Generally‚ he devoted much of his energy towards alchemy‚ theology‚ and history. Newton built the first reflecting telescope. During his lifetime he was involved in the development of the calculus. Newton who struck upon the Laws
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Nanotechnology Uses to Enhance Computer Performance Nanotechnology Uses to Enhance Computer Performance Introduction Although the core concepts of nanotechnology were introduced in the early 1950’s‚ nanotechnology was not properly introduced to the world until 1974. That was the year a Japanese scientist‚ named Tanigushi‚ coined the word “nanotechnology”. Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of systems at the atomic level. “Nanotechnology will be the major technology
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such as Charles Overton and Edwin Gorter were not only exploring new territory in looking at the properties of cell membranes‚ but laying the way for future cell biologists. Scientists had to wait another fifty years for the discovery of the electron microscope‚ let alone seventy years for the advent of freeze fracturing techniques. Nageli and Cramer in 1855 had already suggested that biological cells are separated from their environment by a membrane possessing special characteristics‚ and in
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objects around you. Atoms are composed of particles called protons‚ electrons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge‚ electrons carry a negative electrical charge and neutrons carry no electrical charge at all. The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom‚ called the nucleus‚ and the electrons ’orbit’ the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons. Protons and
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obtaining Scanning electron micrograph of the nickel die used for bioreplication. Optical microscopy of the dorsal side of the nano-bioreplicated A. planipennis decoy confirmed the similarity in the surface structure of the beetle which is colored by metallic paint. For natural Agrilus planipennis: Dorsal view optical microscopy images revealed the surface structure of the beetle elytron. The spines and cilia were revealed by the higher magnification images of optical microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy
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amino acids‚ nucleotides b. sugars‚ fatty acids‚ amino acids‚ nucleotides c. salts‚ sugars‚ water‚ fatty acids d. sugars‚ fatty acids‚ alcohols‚ nucleotides 3. In order to distinguish the layers of a cell membrane you would use an electron microscope because: a. it operates in a vacuum b. it can magnify the specimen 500‚000 times c. it has the resolving power needed d. light cannot penetrate membranes 4. Polar covalent bonds: a. are found in molecules like CH4 b. account for
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cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virchow) The historical development of the cell theory: 1485 – Leonardo Da Vinci used glass lenses to study small objects 1600 – the first compound microscope was made by Hans and Zacharias Janssen 1665 – Robert Hooke observed cork cells using a compound microscope and described ‘cells distinct from one another’ 1676 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek described unicellular organisms in pond water 1831 – Robert Brown – observed the nucleus in plant and animal cells
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XRD – X-Ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful non-destructive technique for characterizing crystalline materials. It provides information on structures‚ phases‚ preferred crystal orientations (texture)‚ and other structural parameters‚ such as average grain size‚ crystallinity‚ strain‚ and crystal defects. X-ray diffraction peaks are produced by constructive interference of a monochromatic beam of X-rays scattered at specific angles from each set of lattice planes in a sample. The
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