w Cambridge Pre-U Teacher Guide Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in BIOLOGY Available for teaching from September 2011 w w e tr .X m eP e ap .c rs om Cambridge Pre-U Teacher Guide University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However‚ we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a
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that is better than batteries and measures just billionths of a meter. Arrays of piezoelectric nano wires could capture and transmit that waste to nano devices. These power plants are called “Nanogenerators”. It is found that when an atomic force microscope (AFM) bends a straight‚ vertical nanowire; a strain field is established‚ with the stretched surface showing positive strain and the compressed surface showing negative strain. As the tip of the AFM scans over the nano wires for each contact position
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the adaxial side of leaf. Clear tape was laid over the nail polish then removed and placed on a microscope slide and placed under a compound microscope. Three sections of each leaf were observed with the highest recorded.
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I. INTRODUCTION Independent Study Questions 1.) What is the fundamental difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Procaryotic cells do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles. Eurkaryotic cells contain both a membrane mound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (making them far more complex). 2.) List and describe the two domains of prokaryotic organisms. a. Bacteria- Most are a specific shape (cylindrical‚ spiral‚ or spherical). Cell
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PRODUCTION OF VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FROM USED TYRES THROUGH PYROLYSIS ABSTRACT Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming used tyres into useful recyclable products. This paper demonstrates the conversion of scrap tyres into its primary products which are Pyro Oil and Carbon Black and a secondary value added compound‚ Activated Carbon. Further‚ the objectives of the work also include optimization of parameters such as temperature and feed size to study the efficiency of pyrolysis at different
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of Radiation and Radioactivity Introduction: Radiation can be defined as the propagation of energy through matter or space. It can be in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. Ionizing radiation has the ability to knock an electron from an atom‚ i.e. to ionize. Examples of ionizing radiation include: • alpha particles • beta particles • neutrons • gamma rays • x-rays Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize atoms in the material it interacts with. Examples
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As such‚ its outer shell (VALENCE) has the maximum number of electrons (i.e.‚ the outer shell is full). Thus‚ the electron configuration is STABLE. In other words‚ Noble Gases are not reactive. Figure 2 is the element Nitrogen. Its outer shell is NOT full. Thus‚ the electron configuration is UNSTABLE. To become stable (i.e.‚ have an outer shell with the maximum number of electrons)‚ nitrogen will either GIVE AWAY or TAKE electrons from another element. When this happens‚ the NITROGEN ION is
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What are the basic differences between the four types of light microscopes (brightfield‚ darkfield‚ phase contrast and fluorescent)? What are their applications? 6. How do electron microscopes differ from the light microscopes? What are their advantages and disadvantages? 7.* Define the following terms: focal point‚ total magnification‚ resolution‚ refractive index‚ parfocal. 8. Identify the parts of the light compound microscope. What is the function of each? 9. What is a simple stain? Give
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structural unit of life. Cork is a substance which comes from the bark of a tree. In 1665‚ Robert Hooke made the observation of a cell through a self designed microscope. Cell is a Latin word which means ‘a little room’. Important: Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. Leeuwenhoek (1674)‚ with the improved microscope‚ discovered the free living cell in pond water for first time. Robert Brown in 1831 discovered the nucleus in the cell. Purkinje in 1839 coined the term
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Theory 1. All living organism are composed of cells 2. Cells come from pre-existing cells 3. Cells are the smallest unit of life * * 2.1.2 * Discuss the reasons for cell theory 1. When organism are looked at under a microscope‚ they are consistently made up of cells 2. Cells carry out asexual reproduction – called Mitosis 3. Cells are the smallest unit of organisms that can carry out all process of life * * 2.1.3 * State Unicellular organisms can
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