A macromolecule can best be described as an immense molecule‚ made up of thousands of covalently bonded carbon atoms. There are four classifications of macromolecules: carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ and nucleic acids. Each classification performs specific functions that allow cells to grow and survive. Macromolecules can be either split or bonded through dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis. Dehydration synthesis occurs when water is released‚ electrons become shared‚ covalently bonding two
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missing and therefore the microorganism in question – S. pneumoniae in this case – cannot be phagocytosed (2). The lack of certain antibodies‚ as discussed above‚ also plays a role in decreasing the effectiveness of the complement system‚ as the polysaccharide capsule around S. pneumoniae cannot be breached for proper phagocytosis to occur. Individuals with either deficiencies listed above are at a much higher risk of mortality from pneumococcal disease (2). This is because they lack the proper components
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intolerance: Cause: Are there any treatments for lactose intolerance? What foods may be better tolerated? The Complex Carbohydrates: Starch Starches Complex carbohydrates include ________________ and ________________. Polysaccharides Starch is a polysaccharide made up of many ________________ units bonded together. Identify the difference between a refined grain and a whole grain: Which nutrients are added to enriched grains? A wheat kernel has four parts. After milling
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The Nature of biology and science Cell theory: * All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells * All cells come from pre-existing cells * The cell is the smallest organisational unit Cells have an outer membrane‚ encloses fluid contents of cell (cytoplasm) Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues Bacteria found without nucleus and lacking other membrane-bound
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Connor Shortall AP Biology Vocabulary List for Chapters 1-5 Chapter 1 Properties of life a. Order: Molecules in living things are arranged in specific structures. b. Reproduction: Organisms will reproduce their own kind; life comes from life c. Growth & Development - DNA directs the pattern of growth and development‚ producing an organism that is characteristic of its species d. Energy Processing- Organisms take in energy though various methods and make it usable e. Response to the Environment -
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The Molecules of Cells (Chapter 3 in your textbook) Without water and carbon-based molecules‚ no life as we know it! Carbon: The Backbone of Life • Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds Also‚ H‚ N‚ O‚ P‚ and S…… • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large‚ complex‚ and diverse molecules. Why? Principal source of carbon on Earth? • Proteins‚ DNA‚ carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon. C21H36N7O16P3S Coenzyme
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test the yeast at the lab we used 4 different types of carbohydrates which are known as Glucose‚Lactose‚Sucrose‚and Starch.The main thing that make some of these carbohydrates different from each other is if it’s a Monosaccharide‚ Disaccharide‚or Polysaccharide. Monosaccharide are basic sugars
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Observation #4 * When the solution was added to the hot water bath‚ the solution went from blue‚ to green‚ to yellow‚ and finally to orange as time progressed. This was a positive result‚ meaning that the amylase in our saliva broke the polysaccharides in the cracker into mono- and di- saccharides. As a result‚ the Benedict’s reagent changed colour because it indicated the presence of mono- and di- saccharides in the solution. Observation #5 There weren’t any differences in the results
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strains of S. Pneumonia. The first strain is enclosed in a capsule made of polysaccharides. The capsule protects the bacterium from the body’s defense systems; this helps make the microorganisms virulent‚ or able to cause disease. Because of the capsule‚ this strain of S. Pneumonia grows as smooth-edged (S) colonies when grown in a Petri dish. The second strain of S. Pneumonia lacks the polysaccharide capsule and does not cause disease. When grown in a Petri dish‚ the second
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Biology 113 Review sheet Chapter 2: * What is a compound and how is it different than an element? Compound is more than one element. An element cannot be broken down by chem. Rxns. * What are the 4 main elements of life? Why? C‚H‚O‚N they make up 96% of living matter and they are found in all of the major macromolecules * Be able to calculate the number of protons‚ neutrons and electrons given an element’s mass number or atomic number. If given this symbol - 4He – can you tell
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