Biol1002 Notes Usyd
The Nature of biology and science
Cell theory: * All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells * All cells come from pre-existing cells * The cell is the smallest organisational unit
Cells have an outer membrane, encloses fluid contents of cell (cytoplasm)
Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues
Bacteria found without nucleus and lacking other membrane-bound organelles: prokaryotes
Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle: eukaryotes
Origin of life: * Life form can replicate itself pass on cellular information * Capacity to alter cellular information change overtime and adapt to new environments * Metabolic activity occurs with chemical reactions building and breaking down complex molecules * All these functions are concentrated&contained in space, surrounded by a barrier/membrane
A reducing environment: formation of organic molecules without the input of as much energy as it would in today’s oxygen-rich atmosphere
Stanley Miller + Harold Urey: energy can generate spontaneously
RNA polymers first molecules to store information and reproduce: * RNA: ribonucleic acid: polymer made up of a number of identical subunits—(nucleotide monomers). They are polymers that can: * Store information in the sequence order of their different nucleotide monomers * Possess a wide range of catalytic activities capable of providing metabolic function * Errors and mutations occur during RNA copying leads to changes in catalytic functions: can be advantageous or disadvantageous
Concentration and containment of molecules in cell-like compartments: * Spontaneous generation of polymers, replication of more complex molecules, required high [monomers], templates and catalysts and the retention of new metabolic products * RNA is now replaced by DNA: deoxyribose nucleic
Cell theory: * All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells * All cells come from pre-existing cells * The cell is the smallest organisational unit
Cells have an outer membrane, encloses fluid contents of cell (cytoplasm)
Robert Hooke (1665): observed dead cells from bark Anton van Leeuwenhoek: described living cells Matthias Schleiden: plant issues Theodor Schwann: animal tissues
Bacteria found without nucleus and lacking other membrane-bound organelles: prokaryotes
Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle: eukaryotes
Origin of life: * Life form can replicate itself pass on cellular information * Capacity to alter cellular information change overtime and adapt to new environments * Metabolic activity occurs with chemical reactions building and breaking down complex molecules * All these functions are concentrated&contained in space, surrounded by a barrier/membrane
A reducing environment: formation of organic molecules without the input of as much energy as it would in today’s oxygen-rich atmosphere
Stanley Miller + Harold Urey: energy can generate spontaneously
RNA polymers first molecules to store information and reproduce: * RNA: ribonucleic acid: polymer made up of a number of identical subunits—(nucleotide monomers). They are polymers that can: * Store information in the sequence order of their different nucleotide monomers * Possess a wide range of catalytic activities capable of providing metabolic function * Errors and mutations occur during RNA copying leads to changes in catalytic functions: can be advantageous or disadvantageous
Concentration and containment of molecules in cell-like compartments: * Spontaneous generation of polymers, replication of more complex molecules, required high [monomers], templates and catalysts and the retention of new metabolic products * RNA is now replaced by DNA: deoxyribose nucleic