IGCSE Biology 2012 exam revision notes by Samuel Lees Contents: Section I: Characteristics and classification of living organisms 1. Characteristics of living organisms 2. Classification and diversity of living organisms 2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment 3. Simple Keys Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism 1. Cell structure and organisation 2. Levels of organisation 3. Size of specimens 4. Movement in and out
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processes in the plant’s life cycle and are essential for plant body development. functions -Stimulates cell elongation -Stimulates cell division in the cambium and‚ in combination with cytokinins in tissue culture -Stimulates differentiation of phloem and xylem -Stimulates root initiation on stem cuttings and lateral root development in tissue culture -Mediates the tropistic response of bending in response to gravity and light -The auxin supply from the apical bud suppresses growth of lateral
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9.2 Maintaining a Balance Contextual Outline Multicellular organisms have specialized organ systems that are adapted for the uptake and transport of essential nutrients from the environment‚ the utilisation or production of energy and the removal of waste products arising from cellular activities. The basis of healthy body functioning in all organisms is the health of their cells. The physical and chemical factors of the environment surrounding these cells must
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potentials via Na+/K+ pump and resynthesis of ACh)‚ selective reabsorption by nephron‚ absorption by gut‚ Calvin cycle‚ muscle contraction (cross bridge formation)‚ Biosynthesis of organic compounds‚ Contractile vacuoles‚ Translocation (loading of phloem)‚ cell division (movement of chromosomes via spindle)‚ CP formation in muscles‚ Nitrogen fixation (Bluegreen algae)‚ Kidney function‚ movement of sperm‚ secretion of digestive enzymes in saprophytic fungi‚ cilia and flagella action 3. The movement
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Biology exam review 2.1 Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Order Over Genus Germany Species South Domain Bacteria Archea Eukarya Kingdom Eubacteria Archeabacteria Protista‚ Fungi‚ Plantae‚ Animalia. # of cells Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell structure Cell walls made of peptidolglycan (coat of sugars) Cell walls without peptidoglycan Fungi-cell walls with chitin. Protista-cell walls of cellulose in some‚ and in others chloroplasts. Plantae-cell walls
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Agriculture= applied animal and plant sciences Horticulture= “garden cultivation” **“Icultures” olericulture= vegetables viticulture= grapes enology= wine and wine making floriculture= flowers arboriculture= urban trees pomology= fruit Top Sellers: Fruit= grapes (wine‚ juices) Vegetables= Irish potatoes (chips‚ fries) In the world of horticulture‚ California is the number one grower Georgia horticulture: **first in greens and pecans third in blueberries fourth in fresh vegetable production
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a few cells thick *absence of vascular tissue‚ cannot support tall plant growth Sporophytes – seedless vascular plants Vascular plants: Two types of vascular tissue: 1. Xylem (conducts water and minerals; includes dead cells called tracheids) 2. Phloem (distributes sugars‚ amino acids‚ other organic products; consists of living cells) Leaves: Microphylls- leaves w/single veins Megaphylls- leaves w/ highly branched vascular system Seeds - Reduced gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains
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(4) uses of energy in biological processes (B); active transport; muscle contraction; nerve transmission; synthesis; translocation; nitrogen fixation; receptors ENERGY TRANSFERS WHICH TAKE PLACE INSIDE LIVING ORGANISMS Living organisms including all plants and animals require energy for their cellular processes. In biological processes‚ the immediate energy source is often in the form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The nucleotide ATP maintains both catabolic and anabolic reactions. An example of
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Name: DELA PEÑA‚ REVEN BRYAN E. Date Performed: JULY 15‚ 2013 Student #: 2013 - 51300 Date Submitted: JULY 22‚ 2013 Exercise No. 4 Plant and Animal Tissues I. Objectives: Plant Tissues a. Illustrate‚ describe‚ and differentiate the various types of tissues characteristic of vascular plants b. Illustrate and describe how tissues are organized in the regions of the plant organ c. Recognize variations of each of the different tissues in different organs Animal Tissues a.
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move to the adjacent cells‚ release the movement protein and host proteins‚ and initiate a new round of infection. As the virus moves from cell to cell‚ it eventually reaches the plant’s vascular system (veins) for rapid systemic spread through the phloem to the roots and tips of the growing
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