formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)‚ and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP‚ where ADP and Pi are joined together by ATPsynthase Energy is often released in the form of protium or H+‚ moving down an electrochemical gradient‚ such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mitochondria. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‚ abbreviated NADP+ (or‚ in older notation‚ TPN (triphosphopyridine
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DNA‚ as we all know‚ is esteemed with the title of ‘Master Molecule ’. The three letters of DNA denotes of deoxyribonucleic acid .Now the thing that we ponder on is why DNA is so important to us. Why are the researchers & scientist persistently working on DNA? Why it is so important to know the tiniest details of DNA structure and function.?The simplest answer for “Why Is DNA Important?” is that DNA is the prerequisite for life’s inception. Firstly‚ it transfers hereditary information from
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solution with one hydroxyl group to form a cyclic compound (hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal). Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule; trioses have three‚ tetroses four‚ pentoses five‚ hexoses six‚ and heptoses seven. Most contain five or six. The most important pentoses include xylose‚ found combined as xylan in woody materials; arabinose from coniferous trees; ribose‚ a component of ribonucleic acids and several vitamins; and deoxyribose‚ a component of deoxyribonucleic
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Sept 27‚ 2010 Chapter 4 * With four valence electrons‚ carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms * This tetra valence makes large‚ complex molecules possible * Fundamental groups: Alkanes and Alkenes * The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements * The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living
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Finalized Notes Cells are small membrane bound units filled with concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and given the ability of reproducing itself by dividing. Thus for this purpose the cells are the fundamental unit of life. If cells are modified to specific specialization they cause the cell to lose its ability to reproduce‚ as a result they end up depending on other cells for the basic needs. In all living things genes are stored in the DNA molecule‚ encoded in the same chemical code
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bodies and genetic codes. DNA has many different components that make it up such as hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ nitrogen‚ and phospurous. The structure has two long polymers of a simple unit called nucleotides. Holding the back of the structure is sugar and phosphate which are attached by ester bonds. Bonded to each sugar is 4 different types of molecules called bases. The backbone of the dna is where the genetic information is stored. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid
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• Less common bases can occur • Principally but not exclusively‚ in transfer RNAs Nucleosides • Nucleoside: a compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose covalently bonded to a nucleobase by a -N-glycosidic bond • Lacks phosphate group Nucleotides • Nucleotide: a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide‚ most commonly either the 3’-OH or the 5’-OH • Name based on parent nucleoside with a suffix “monophosphate”
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Experiment 1: Isolation of Casein from Milk * pH of milk – 6.6 * milk = 87.1% water‚ 4.9 % CHO 3.9 %‚ fats‚ 0.7% minerals Experiment 2: Protein Hydrolysis and Characterization | Reagents | Principle | Test for | Positive Result | Negative Result | Biuret | CuSO4‚ NaOH | Complexation of Cu+2 with amide N atoms | Polypeptide bonds | Violet/purple solution | Blue color solution | Sakaguchi | 10% NaOH‚ 0.02% α-naphtol solution‚ 2% NaOBr | arginine condenses with α-naphtol and NaOH
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bacteria)‚ there is one circular loop of double-stranded DNA in cytoplasm. • General Structure of DNA - The structure of DNA as a double helix made up of a sequence of complementary bases joined by weak bonds. The bases are attached to a sugar phosphate backbone - A DNA molecule is made up of subunits / monomers called DNA nucleotides. - There are 2 types of DNA nucleotides‚ purines and pyrimidines. - Purines are double ringed structure: Adenine and Guanine. - Pyrimidines are single ringed
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water molecule Moles Divide for litersgrams 1 Mol per ml/ liters 1 mole of anything=6.02x1023 Gibbs Free Energy Endergonic reaction Absorbs energy (+ Exergonic Spontaneous and released energy (-) ATP Hydrolysis (Exergonic reaction) Phosphate group leaves ATP ADP Energy is released pH Scale 0-6.9: Acidic [H+ ]>[OH- ] 7=Neutral [H+ ]=[OH- ] 7.1-14-Basic [H+ ]<[OH- ] Buffers maintain pH Cell membrane Cell membrane Phospholipids and proteins Factors that affect permeability Polarity
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