Experiment 3: Electronic structure‚ bonding and shape of some simple inorganic molecules. Introduction: In quantum chemistry‚ electronic structure is the state of motion of electrons in an electrostatic field created by stationary nuclei. The term encompass both the wave functions of the electrons and the energies associated with them. Electronic structure is obtained by solving quantum mechanical equations for the aforementioned clamped-nuclei problem. Electronic structure problem arise from the
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|8 | |What is an orbital? |9 | |Discovery of electron‚ proton and neutron |12 | |Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding
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four outer electrons (called valence electrons) with neighbouring atoms. Silicon is a poor conductor because the outer electrons in each atom are held firmly in place by the crystalline structure. Doping Doping is a method used to increase the conductivity of a semiconductor by adding tiny impurities to the crystal lattice. A very small proportional of silicon atoms are replaced with atoms of other elements. Two way of doping. N-type semiconductor Use atoms with five outer electrons (antimony
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Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms‚ or groups of atoms about a central atom in a covalent compound‚ or charged ion‚ is determined solely by the repulsions between electron pairs present in the valence shell of the central atom. The number of electron pairs around the central atom can be determined by writing the Lewis structure for the molecule. The geometry of the molecule depends on the number of bonding groups (pairs of electrons) and
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silicon atom. Since the valency of silicon atom is 8 which means that there are 8 electrons in its outermost orbit. However in its natural state there are only 4 electrons bounded in the outermost orbit. Hence these 4 electrons are able to bond with another 4 electrons with 4 silicon atoms around it. The 4 free electrons that can move around throughout the substance. During the absence of electric potential these free electrons tend to remain close to their parent atoms so that they are at minimum energy
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First Ionisation energy is the measure of energy needed to remove a mole of electrons from a mole of gaseous atoms to form a mole of positively charged gaseous ions‚ also known as a cation. The general trend is that as the atomic number increases between elements Lithium to Neon the level of the first ionisation energy increases‚ as there is a stronger nuclear attraction. [Braid‚ K. et al. (2015)]. The stronger nuclear attraction along the period is caused by the number of protons increasing. When
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an atom. Wavelength – the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters‚ centimeters‚ or nanometers. Atomic orbital – a three dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electrons probable location. De Broglie equation – predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics and relates each particles wavelength to its frequency‚ its mass‚ and planks constant. Energy sublevel – the energy levels contained within a
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than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom‚ resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. Other types of bonds include metallic bonds and hydrogen bonding. The attractive forces
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5Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________ Student Exploration: Ionic Bonds Vocabulary: chemical family‚ electron affinity‚ ion‚ ionic bond‚ metal‚ nonmetal‚ octet rule‚ shell‚ valence electron Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Nate and Clara are drawing pictures with markers. There are 8 markers in a set. Nate has 9 markers and Clara has 7. What can Nate and Clara do so that each of them has a full set? ____
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electricity is the electric current resulting from the existence of charged particles such as electrons or protons. Electricity figures everywhere in our lives. Electricity lights up our homes‚ cooks our food‚ powers our computers‚ television sets‚ and other electronic devices. Electricity from batteries keeps our cars running and makes our flashlights shine in the dark. Here’s something you can do to see the importance of electricity. Take a walk through your school‚ house or apartment and write
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