SEPERATING CYCLOHEXANE AND TOLUENE BY DISTILLATION Aim: Separate two miscible liquids‚ either by macroscale or microscale process‚ using simple and fractional distillation. Compare the efficiencies of simple and fractional distillation. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this experiment is to learn how to separate two miscible liquids by microscale process. There will be use of simple and fractional distillation. Simple and fractional distillation efficiencies will be compared. The student should have
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Chemical Engineering and Processing 46 (2007) 774–780 Reactive distillation: The front-runner of industrial process intensification A full review of commercial applications‚ research‚ scale-up‚ design and operation G. Jan Harmsen a‚b a Shell Global Solutions‚ Shell Research and Technology Center Amsterdam‚ P.O. Box 38000‚ 1030 BN Amsterdam‚ The Netherlands b RijksUniversiteit Groningen‚ Nijenborgh 4‚ 9747 AG Groningen‚ The Netherlands Received 19 June 2007; accepted 20 June 2007 Available
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it be? Will they grow? Will the die? What is it going to happen? RESEARCH Gasoline is obtained from petroleum in oil refineries‚ and used as fuel in combustion engines. It is made of over 250 types of hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons like toluene and benzene are used to increase the octane rating of gasoline. Other additives are also added to improve engine performance and reduce the emission of harmful gasses formed as byproducts of the combustion process. Some hydrocarbons found in gasoline
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is to convert toluene to nitrotoluene through the process of aromatic nitration. This is done by electrophilic aromatic substitution. The aromatic organic compound‚ toluene‚ is reacted under mild conditions with an electrophile‚ the nitronium ion‚ resulting in a product of nitrotoluene. Failure to use mild conditions may result in polynitration. Different reaction conditions were studied to understand the effect of nitrating agent concentrations on the results. Initially‚ toluene is combined
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ring taken together constitute a new parent name. Four important examples are: CH3 OH NH2 COOH F F F Fluorobenzene * Because all H atoms in benzene are equivalent it doesn’t matter at which vertex of the ring the substituted group is located. F Toluene Phenol Aniline Benzoic Acid (not methyl benzene‚ hydroxybezene‚ aminobenzene‚ carboxyl benzene) Examples: CH3 HO Cl 2- Chlorotoluene F 3- Fluorophenol Note 2: For monosubstituted benzene rings that have a group attached that is not easily named
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RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS Ligroin Toluene Ethanol H2O Anthracene Did not dissolve Slightly dissolved Did not dissolve Did not dissolve Benzoic acid Did not dissolve Dissolved Slightly dissolved Did not dissolve Phthalic acid Almost dissolved Almost dissolved Did not dissolve Dissolved Resorcinol Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Sodium naphthionate Did not dissolve Did not dissolve dissolved Dissolved Table 1. Results for the five compounds tested in four different solvents. Functional Group
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Preparation of methyl m-nitrobenzoate by nitration using methyl benzoate‚ nitric acid‚ and sulfuric acid Aileen Quintana TA: Sijie Tues/Thurs 11:50 42067 Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to explore the concepts of electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ specifically nitration by synthesizing methyl m-nitrobenzoate using methyl benzoate‚ nitric acid and sulfuric acid. This nitration is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. A
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equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction at one temperature to the equilibrium constant of the same reaction at a different temperature‚ allowing it to be worked out for all temperatures if it is known for one. The experiment used the solution of toluene and naphthalene to determine the change in enthalpy. The mole fractions and the tempterature of recrylstallizations were graphed and the slope was determined. From the slope the change in enthalpy was determined to be 3.45J. This implies that energy
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Department of Occupational Therapy‚ College of Rehabilitation Sciences University of Santo Tomas‚ Espaňa Street‚ Manila 1008 Date Submitted: February 2‚ 2011 Abstract: Organic compounds hexane‚ heptane‚ cyclohexane‚ cyclohexene‚ benzene‚ and toluene were subjected to different physical and chemical tests todifferentiate their intrinsic physical properties and chemical properties in terms ofstructure and behaviour. Nitration test (test for the presence of aromatic ring)‚ Bromine test (test for
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Title: Experiment 28: Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Objective: The students will learn to nitrate methyl benzoate through electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. They will learn the importance of regiochemistry in chemical reactions. They might experience disubstitution through a high temperature. Reactions: Observation: The crystals started to form when added 2 g of crushed ice. The addition of hot methanol dissociated the crystals. The crystals reappeared when cooled down in
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