other to react twice with a Grignard followed by removal of the protecting group by acid hydrolysis to give final product (C2). Method: Ethyl acetoacetate (30.03g)‚ ethylene glycol (15.01g) and toluene-p-sulphonic acid (0.13g) were added to a 250 cm3 round bottomed flask‚ containing a stirrer bar and toluene (100 cm3)‚ fitted with a condenser and dean-stark head. Solution was heated strongly under reflux using a heater stirrer block for approximately one hour. During heating 4.5 cm3 of water was collected
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result of experiment. Methodology Materials and Apparatus The chemicals used in the experiment are as follows: benzoic acid‚ sugar‚ denatured alcohol‚ chloroform‚ acetanilide‚ copper sulfate‚ activated charcoal‚ distilled water‚ acetone‚ toluene‚ glutamic acid and glycine. The apparatus used include funnel‚ Erlenmeyer flask‚ separatory funnel‚ beakers‚ evaporating dish‚ water bath‚ graduated cylinder‚ stirring rod‚ watch glass‚ distilling flask‚ thermometer‚ tripod‚ wire gauze‚ burner‚ iron
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1 CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND The main objective is to design an economic Acrylonitrile chemical plant with safer ways of processes for a minimum production rate of 100‚ 000 metric tonnes/year. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Recently‚ production of acrylonitrile has been increasing every year in many countries. The rapid growth of the industry is mainly attributed to the availability of oil and gas as feedstock‚ a well-developed infrastructure‚ and a strong base
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We reached our goals through our experimentation. We tested the solubility of each of the starting and ending materials in water‚ HCl‚ NaOH‚ toluene‚ and acetone. We discovered that the starting materials would only dissolve in toluene. To make the soap‚ we obtained about 10 mL of vegetable oil and 10 g of lard and we placed them both in separate 250 mL beakers. While we were stirring the compounds‚ we also added 15 mL of 6 M NaOH drop by drop and 1 mL of glycerol. We then heated our solutions
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Iodine Crystal Solvents: Distilled water Ethyl Alcohol Toluene Solutions Polar‚ Non-Polar or Ionic Attractive Forces NaCl + Distilled Water Solute NaCl Solute-solute Solute-solvent Solvent Distilled water Solvent-solvent NaCl + Ethyl Alcohol Solute NaCl Solute-solute Solute-solvent Solvent Ethyl Alcohol Solvent-solvent NaCl + Toluene Solute NaCl Solute-solute Solute-solvent Solvent Toluene Solvent-solvent Naphthalene + Distilled Water Solute Naphthalene
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Discussion: Continuous distillation‚ a form of distillation‚ is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously (without interruption) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams. A distillation is the separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or fractions by selective boiling (or evaporation) and condensation. A distillation produces at least two output fractions. These fractions include at least one volatile
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Isolation of the Major Component of Clove Oil Pre-Lab Questions: 1.) Briefly explain the concept of steam distillation. What is the difference between a simple distillation and a steam distillation? When a mixture of two immiscible liquids are distilled it is referred to as codistillation. This process is referred to as steam distillation when one of the liquids is water. This distillation is used to separate organic liquids from natural products and reaction mixtures in which the final product
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SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS Essential oils are the volatile oils distilled from aromatic plant materials. The odour and flavour of these oils is usually dependent upon these oxygenated compounds. Many oils are terpenoids‚ a few oils are benzene derivatives. Table 1 shows the important constituents of the more common essential oils. Name Part of plant used Leaf Botanical name Important constituents Uses Lemongrass and citronella Eucalyptus Cymbopogon spp Citral
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________________________________________________________________________________ ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY EXERCISE Determination of total nitrogen in food and crude protein calculation (Kjeldahl method) ___________________________________________________________ Responsible person: Assoc.Prof. Ing.Kateřina Riddellová‚ Ph.D. CONTENT ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Required
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Gas Chromatography: Purifying alcohol Introduction The goal of this lab is to understand the principles of chromatography by purifying alcohol using fractional distillation. Running standards with gas chromatography we were able to see and calibrate our data to find not only how much ethanol our alcohol attained but also what a mixed unknown sample contained. Chromatography is a way of being able to separate substances in solution that can help not only identify the analytes (the studied
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