Analysis of Hydrocarbons 1

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• Essay about Analysis of Hydrocarbons 2

  ...Analysis of Hydrocarbons Myra Gurango, Geneva Guy, Micah Hernandez* and Joyce Lagarde Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract The organic compounds hexane, toluene, cyclohexene and naphthalene in hexene were subjected to parallel chemical testing to differentiate their intrinsic physical properties in terms of structure and behavior. The physical state and color were noted by simple physical observation. Nitration Testing was conducted for preliminary parallel testing until a positive result of yellow oil was seen. For the second and final testing, oxidation was done through introducing 3 drops of KMnO4 reagent and 2 drops of 10% NaOH solution to 5 drops of the sample organic compound in a test tube. The identity of the hydrocarbon was determined, thus having naphthalene in hexane as the yielded identity of the given sample. Introduction Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons may be divided into two large classes namely: Saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compounds. They are hydrocarbons in which all carbon- carbon bonds are single bonds. An example of a saturated hydrocarbon is an alkane. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that...

  604  Words | 3  Pages

• Analysis of Hydrocarbons Essay

  ...Analysis of Hydrocarbons Jessa Grace B. Castillo* and Stephanie Chua Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines ______________________________________________ Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbons and further divided in major types. Hydrocarbons react differently in reagents. The basis of determining an unknown hydrocarbon is due to the differences in reactions of hydrocarbons. An unknown compound is determined using tests. The unknown gives a positive result in nitration test and gives no brown precipitate in oxidation test. The unknown is an aromatic and non-alkylated compound. _______________________________________________ Introduction: Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that composed of only hydrogen and carbon. There are two major types of hydrocarbons; aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) and aromatics. Aliphatic compounds are characterized by a continuous or branched chain arrangement aliphatic compounds are subdivided into two; saturated and unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are characterized by single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes and cycloalkanes, this compounds are relatively inert and do not react with common laboratory reagents. Alkanes do, however react with oxygen, halogens and other substances...

  1051  Words | 5  Pages

• Hydrocarbons Essay

  ...Analysis of Hydrocarbons Jovellanos, Bien Jindrich Johannes; Lacson, Danise Angelica; *Lagula, Nina Francesca; Lañez, Kristine Department of Psychology College of Science University of Santo Tomas España Manila 1015 Abstract A hydrocarbon is strictly composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Five hydrocarbons were used namely hexane, cyclohexene, toluene, naphthalene (in hexane), and the unknown (which will be known through parallel chemical tests). Three tests, nitration test, bromine test and basic oxidation test were conducted to fully differentiate each type of hydrocarbon from one another. Nitration tests resulted to three positive outcomes and two negative outcomes. A positive outcome in the nitration test shows that the hydrocarbon is aromatic while a negative outcome is aliphatic. In the bromine test, the results showed that there is one saturated aliphatic while the other is unsaturated aliphatic. In the last test (basic oxidation test), all five hydrocarbons resulted to positive products. Through the comparison of results of each hydrocarbon from each test, the unknown was observed to be Toluene. Introduction Hydrocarbons can probably be considered as the most important class of organic compounds. It is mainly composed of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms only. Most hydrocarbons are colorless and odorless....

  2037  Words | 8  Pages

• Analysis of Hydrocarbons 4 Essay

  ...Analysis of Hydrocarbons Jennifer Alambra, Ma. Nancy Anulat, Alfonso Apepe*, Jacqueline Arsenal 3Bio4 Department of Biological Sciences - College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila ABSTRACT The unknown hydrocarbon sample was differentiated and characterized by the use of three tests. The outcomes of these tests are as follows: Nitration test (negative), Bromine test (positive) and Basic Oxidation test (positive). From these results the unknown sample can be classified as non-aromatic and unsaturated. INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms. They include the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of their relatively non-polarity, all hydrocarbons are insoluble in water. When hydrocarbons burn in sufficient oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are the sole products. The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. The alkanes are saturated organic compounds, or those with only single bonds. Unsaturated organic compounds are those which have double or triple bonds. [1] Many common natural substances, e.g., natural gas, petroleum, and asphalt, are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. The coal tar obtained from coal by coking is also a mixture of...

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• Hydrocarbons Essay

  ...INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are compounds that consists carbon and hydrogen only. They are the simplest organic compounds. Hydrocarbons, because of their number and variety, are classified into different ways. One way of classifying hydrocarbons is in which way carbon atoms are connected. It can be classified as either a chain aliphatic hydrocarbon or a cyclic hydrocarbon. Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds that are linked either in a single or branched chain. An example of this is hexane (single chain) and 3-methylhexane (branched). Cyclic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms linked in a closed polygon or a ring and an example is a cyclohexane. Another way to classify hydrocarbons depends on the type of bonding that exists between the carbons. There are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds and they are called alkanes. There are also hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-to-carbon single bonds but it is different from alkanes because their carbon atoms are bonded together to form rings. They are called cyclohexanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are also known as saturated molecules – containing only carbon-to-carbon single bonds. When we say that a hydrocarbon is saturated, we mean that the carbon is saturated with other atoms. It can only bond to a new atom if it gives up one of the atoms it is...

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• Hydrocarbon Essay

  ...1. (a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.explain the words saturated and hydrocarbons. (b) Alkanes are generally unreactive. Explain why this is so. (c) write balanced equations for the complete combustion of: (i) methane (ii) ethane. 2. Use the passage below and your knowledge to answer the questions that follow. Methane reacts with bromine to give bromomethane and hydrogen bromide. The mechanism for the reaction is called free-radical substitution and involves hemolytic fission of chemical bonds. The reaction proceeds via initiation, propagation and termination steps. (a) By what mechanism does bromine react with methane? (b) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction. (c) Bonds break in this reaction. What type of bond breaking is involved? (d) What essential conditions are required for this reaction? Why? (e) For this reaction, write down an equation for: (i) An initiation step (ii) A propagation step (iii) A termination step. 3. In a similar reaction to the one in the question 2, 1.50g of ethane reacts with chlorine. 1.29g of chloroethane is formed. (AR values: H=1.0, C=12.0, Cl=35.5) Calculate: (a) The number of moles of ethane that were used (b) The number of moles of chloroethane that were formed (c) The percentage yield (d) The number of grams of chloroethane that would have formed if the percentage yield had been 60.0%. 4....

  773  Words | 3  Pages

• Economic Analysis

  ...Technical Questions Q1. What are the differences between the microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives on the economy? Microeconomics is the branch of economics which caters with individual firms, consumers, and industries as they produce, buy and sell goods and services. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, deals with changes in the overall level of economic activity, interest rates, unemployment, and exchange rates to affect the competitive strategies of individual firms and industries. It caters to the behavior of individuals aggregated into different sectors in the economy. Q2. What are the four major types of markets in microeconomic analysis? What are the key characteristics that distinguish these markets? Following are the four major types of markets in microeconomics along with their characteristics Perfect competition Large number of firms Each firm produces an identical good or service Easy for new firms to enter the market Complete information to all buyers and sellers in the market Monopolistic competition Large number of firms Each firm produces a good or service that, in some significant way, is different Relatively easy for new firms to enter the market Imperfect information Oligopoly Few large, mutually interdependent, firms Firms may produce similar or highly differentiated products Significant barriers to new entry Imperfect information Monopoly One firm producing a good or service with no good substitutes...

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• Reaction of Hydrocarbons Essay

  ...REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS Vanessa P. Manibpel De La Salle University - Dasmariñas ABSTRACT Five substances namely Hexane, Eugenol, Unknown hydrocarbon 1, Unknown hydrocarbon 2, and Acetylene gas was used for the selective reactivity of hydrocarbons to functional group tests; Bayer’s test, Bromine test light, Bromine test dark, and Tollen’s test. In Bayer’s test, only Acetylene, Eugenol and Unknown hydrocarbon 2 reacted positively and the rest retain the purplish color of KMnO4. On the other hand, the five compounds in Bromine test with light reacted positively. In Bromine test dark, Hexane and Unknown hydrocarbon 1 did not react because light (UV) is absent. Lastly, in Tollen’s reagent, only Acetylene reacted positively and all the other compounds gave a negative result since they are all hydrocarbons. INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are simple organic compounds with a distinct character of having Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only. They are divided into three main categories base on the type of orbital hybridization they have. The three main groups of Hydrocarbons are Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes (1). Alkanes are sp3-hybridized hydrocarbons characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms included in their chains. Alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons because they...

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