Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes‚ beliefs or behaviors. This situation produces a feeling of discomfort or dissonance leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes‚ beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc. For example‚ when someone is forced to do something publicly that they privately really don’t want to do‚ dissonance is created between their cognition (I didn’t want to do this) and their behavior (I did it). The term
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encourage her to take drugs. Describe and evaluate one biological explanation of drug addiction that could be used to understand Elizabeth’s drug explanation. Drug misuse causes significant changes to our neurotransmitter levels in the brain‚ and specifically levels of dopamine and serotonin. As these chemicals are both involved in the brain reward ‘circuits’ (e.g. the mesolimbic pathway) drugs produce feeling of ‘euphoria’. Drugs can affect Elizabeth’s brain in two ways‚ as a depressant or a stimulant
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Physical and Cognitive Development PSY/ 103 Introduction to Psychology This paper is will focus on the influences of physical and cognitive development in adolescence from 12 to 18 years of age. This part of the developmental stage has many factors that affect the physical development as well as the cognitive development in adolescence. In addition to influences of physical and cognitive development this paper will also focus on the hereditary and environmental influences that make
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Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) with respect to the tenet of beneficence. *Be able to describe the general procedure‚ results‚ and conclusions of the BEIP study (specifically with respect to IQ and attachment; you do not need to worry about height). What two factors are known to contribute to infants’ expression of positive emotion? What is the still-face paradigm? *Be able to describe the general procedure‚ results‚ and conclusions of the Nadel et al. study demonstrating the importance
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Because of how stressful the life of an average American is‚ these researchers wanted to test food to determine if there was cognitive enhancing characteristics that benefit people who eat that food. The food that they decided to test was essence of chicken (EOC)‚ an aqueous chicken extract. EOC consists of proteins‚ amino acids‚ and peptides such as carnosine and anserine. It is believed that EOC enhances learning‚ memory‚ and executive function. In order to determine whether or not this is true
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Outline 1. Cognitive Linguistics: some basic facts 2. Branches of Cognitive Linguistics 1. Cognitive Linguistics: some basic facts What is cognitive linguistics? Cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the conceptual structures and cognitive processes that underlie linguistic representation and grammar in language. [3] Cognitive linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function‚ where “cognitive” refers to the crucial role of intermediate
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Cognitive development is an intellectual growth from infancy to adulthood. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)‚ a Swiss psychologist‚ was one of the most important and influential researchers in the field of developmental psychology throughout the 20th century. Piaget was born in Neuchâtel‚ Switzerland‚ on August 9‚ 1896. His father‚ Arthur Piaget‚ was a professor of medieval literature with an interest in local history. His mother‚ Rebecca Jackson‚ was intelligent and energetic. The oldest child‚ he was very
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Now: Gestalt and Cognitive Perspectives Here and Now: Gestalt and Cognitive Perspectives of Sharon’s Case Gestalt therapy and cognitive therapy seem like vastly different approaches to psychotherapy; and they are. It is interesting to note‚ however‚ that they do have a few aspects in common. Both approaches focus on the client’s present state or the here-and-now. Gestalt and cognitive theories do not avoid
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Dickens’ places a heavy load on opposite forces in A Tale of Two Cities. Such antitheses occur between polar characters and contrary settings‚ and they enhance the meaning of certain aspects of the novel to a great extent. A great example of Dickens’ use of antithesis can be found in the novel’s two main female characters: Lucie Manette and Lady Defarge. Lucie embodies a loving and nurturing‚ good-natured person who is genuinely concerned with the interests of others as well as herself. The love
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In psychology‚ the experimental method involves the manipulation of some aspect of a situation‚ and observing the effects this has on a particular behavior. In technical terms‚ the former is the independent variable (IV)‚ and the latter the dependant variable (DV). Only the investigations which involve the manipulation of the independent variables is part of the experimental method. Basically‚ in other words‚ we can say that experimental method is the type of research which involves the investigation
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