States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically‚ the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume but adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy whatever volume is available. This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions
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TO QUESTIONS 1. How does the use of fluted filter paper hasten filtration? Why is it advisable to place a small piece of wire between the funnel and the mouth of the flask during hot filtration? Fluted filter paper is effective in preventing crystal formation in the filter paper. It is also often used in filtering hot saturated solution used during crystallization. One major advantage of a fluted filter is that it increases the speed of filtration. The crisscrossing of the folds help alleviate
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The term ’powder’ really means that the crytalline domains are randomly oriented in the sample. Therefore when the 2-D diffraction pattern is recorded‚ it shows concentric rings of scattering peaks corresponding to the various d spacings in the crystal lattice. The positions and the intensities of the peaks are used for identifying the underlying structure (or phase) of the material. For example‚ the diffraction lines of graphite would be different from diamond even though they both are made of
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Purpose: The purpose of our experiment was to determine the amount of water in copper sulfate pentahydrate expressed as a percent. Hypothesis: I think that bluestone crystals are 20% water‚ because it’s called pentahydrate (penta means five) and 1/5 of 100 (since it’s expressed as a percent) is 20‚ so I think bluestone crystals are 20% water. Procedure: The following list includes the materials and supplies we used in the experiment: 1) Crucible and Lid 2) Tongs 3) Alcohol Burner
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made using the 40-pin AT89C52 microcontroller. This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrape it can be used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about the display is its crystal clear display. This display consists of just 23 bright LED’s which are rotated to show the display. For building the project‚ requirement 40 pin microcontroller and LED’s. this display can show the message‚ which will require a whopping 1504 LED’s
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this to his famous DNA structure research. It is so valued because it allows the structure of a crystalline material can be determined‚ based on the diffraction of x-rays due to electron density within the crystal. The mystery of the arrangement of atoms can be solved when the electrons in the crystal‚ which has a particular‚ repeating arrangement of atoms‚ scatter a beam of x-rays. It can be applied to study many crystalline materials‚ from ionic molecules to biomolecules. The technique can also be
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free to move past each other but still held together. Lastly there a solids which are molecules formed in a rigid formation which have a very strong attraction with repeating crystals and can only move in vibrations. Glass is none of the above‚ it is rigid like a solid‚ but its molecules are not arranged with repeating crystals which makes it amorphous like a liquid. "If you could preserve a window long enough‚ it might become a rigid puddle on the floor" (Ediger:1999‚Discover Magazine) Glass can
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the time we return to the initial temperature‚ nearly all of the original material has formed crystals‚ which can be removed from the solvent by filtration. Now‚ suppose that the original solid contained small amounts of impurities. These would go into solution as well‚ but since the impurities are present only in small amounts‚ they remain soluble when the temperature is lowered again. Thus‚ the crystals‚ which come out of solution‚ are more pure than the original sample. This is the essence of purification
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understand the dynamics of physical and chemical changes better. Over the course of this project we will be watching the rock candy form and change from the sugar water to the solid crystal. When we make the rock candy we will watch it day by day to see the formation and it will also help with understanding of bonds. When the crystals form it is because of ionic bonds. When we make the rock candy we will have to use materials and time. To make rock candy you need a jar‚ skewers‚ sugar and water. We will
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Bonding in solids: Ionic solids Ionic solid crystals (e.g. NaCl) are held together by the Coulomb attractive interaction between ions with opposite sign (ionic bonding) e2 b U = −αk + m r r (α = 1.7476 for Na +Cl − ) (m ~ 10) k = 1 / 4πε 0 Madelung constant Ionic cohesive energy: 11 U0 = min U (r ) = −αk 1 − m r0 mb r0 = αk 1 m −1 Bonding in solids: Ionic solids Properties of ionic solid crystals: • relatively stable and hard • poor electrical/heat
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