the pathophysiological alterations seen in the heart failure state leading to neurohumoral activation (stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system‚ sympathoadrenergic stimulation)‚ and due to the complications of therapy with diuretics‚ cardiac glycosides or ACE inhibitors. Patients with heart failure may exhibit hyponatremia due to a decrease in water excretion‚ which may be related to the enhanced release of both
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effects and contraindications of each drug will be discussed. Ivabradine: Mechanism Of Action: Ivabradine blocks the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel which is responsible for the cardiac pacemaker I(f) current. In clinical electrophysiology studies‚ the cardiac effects were most pronounced in the sinoatrial (SA) node‚ but prolongation of the AH interval has occurred on the surface ECG‚ as has PR interval prolongation Principal Adverse Effects: -Bradycardia -First- degree
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART Anatomy: The heart and heart wall layers: The heart is located in the left side of the mediastinum; it consists of three muscle layers the Endocardium‚ myocardium‚ and epicardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. The myocardium is the idle layer of and actual contracting muscle of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves. Pericardial sac: The pericardial sac encases and protects
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The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology(NASPE) has classified them by which heart chamber is paced‚ which chamber is sensed‚ how the pacemaker responds to a sensed beat‚ and whether it is programmable. Despite this broad types of models‚ all pacemakers are essentially composed of a
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are outside of the body‚ but the wires are attached to the skin. This type is used for emergencies because they are only temporary. The next type is the temporary epicardial pacemaker. This type is used during heart surgery when trying to induce cardiac simulation which was the original purpose of the pacemaker. The wires are attached to outside of the heart but inside the body.
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SYNOPSIS for Comprehensive Project Report (MIB 4.7) Submitted by: 11-MIB- Semester-IV TITLE OF THE PROJECT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MARKETING STRATEGIES OF FORTIS HEALTHCARE LIMITED‚ APOLLO HOSPITALS AND MAX HEALTHCARE INSTITUTE IN INDIAN HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY ABSTRACT The rate of growth of the health care industry in India is moving ahead neck to neck with the pharmaceutical industry and the software industry of the country. Much has been said and done in the health
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LMP consistent with an 8-week ultrasound. She has a long history of tachycardia. She has been followed several years with Cardiology and had a very significant work-up including prolonged Holter’s‚ ECHO‚ stress ECHO‚ and even evaluation by Electrophysiology Cardiology. She was ultimately diagnosed with syndrome of inappropriate tachycardia and she was treated with atenolol for several years. She stopped atenolol 2 years ago and had been doing well until recently in pregnancy. At baseline‚ she reports
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Subspecialties have developed along with new tests and therapeutic interventions. Sub specialization in these areas usually requires 1 or 2 additional years of highly specialized formal training such as Interventional cardiology‚ electrophysiology‚ nuclear physiology‚ and
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As I’m sure‚ we as a class know by now that an Electrocardiogram or Ekg / Ecg for short is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart using a chosen number of different leads with each lead looking at the heart from a different angle(I.E a 12 lead EKG looks at the heart from 12 different angles). The interpretation of an electrocardiogram is based on knowing what each lead is looking at‚ which individual lead to look at in certain circumstances and what changes to look for in
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Circulatory system From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation‚ search This article is about the organ system. For the band‚ see Circulatory System. For transport in plants‚ see Vascular tissue. Circulatory system | | The human circulatory system. Red indicates oxygenated blood‚ blue indicates deoxygenated. | Latin | systema cardiovasculare | The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids‚ electrolytes and lymph)‚ gases‚ hormones
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