Pacemaker Research Paper

Materials Used In Pacemakers
Image result for what is a pacemakerThe way how a pacemaker is constructed is very crucial to how it would function later. The materials used to construct pacemakers must be non-toxic, sterilisable and able to function in the environmental conditions of the body. Some of the fundamental parts of the pacemaker such as the casing, battery, circuitry and the leads are all made with biocompatible materials or non-toxic materials. Usually, the casing along with the lead is made of titanium or titanium alloy, but the lead is further insulated by a polymer. The circuitry or all the electrical wires are usually made of modified silicon semiconductors and the battery used in a pacemaker is commonly a lithium-ion battery.
The North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology(NASPE) has classified them by which heart chamber is paced, which chamber is sensed, how the pacemaker responds to a sensed beat, and whether it is programmable. Despite this broad types of models, all pacemakers are essentially composed of a battery that stimulates the heart, lead wires that send electrical pulses towards the heart, and circuitry which is the computer that controls everything in the process. The main four basic types which have different purposes are:

Image result for what is a pacemaker1.Single-Chamber Pacemakers - In a single-chambered pacemaker, only one wire(lead) is placed into a chamber of the heart. Sometimes in the upper chamber called atrium and other times in the lower chamber called ventricle.

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It is the control center of the pacemaker which includes heart monitoring sensors, voltage regulators, timing circuits and externally programmable controls. The circuitry is composed primarily of resistors, capacitors, diodes, semiconductors which when combined using a method known as hybridisation will form a single complex circuit. First, resistors are mostly made of carbon because it is usually available in local markets at a very low cost and they are very durable. Second, capacitors are commonly made of metal foil because it has high reliability, extreme pulse currents, high AC Voltage and much more. Third, diodes are mostly made of silicon because it is the most abundant element on Earth which means it is cheap to acquire along with being a semiconducting material that requires very little effort to convert. Lastly, semiconductors can be made out of silicon and germanium, but silicon is used more commonly than germanium because it is an easy semiconductor to fabricate at low costs, whilst germanium requires a high purity in fabrication. These components are very important to the circuitry as all of them completes each other and will be able to work properly when they are correctly put in place on the