Chapter 2 Terms Matter - anything that takes up space and has mass. Element - substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Compound - substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Essential Element - the 20-25% of the 92 natural elements an organism needs to live a health life and reproduce. Trace Elements - required by an organism only minute quantities. Atom - the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties
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Chapter 20: DNA Technology Biotechnology: Use of living organisms to perform tasks. * Wine & cheese * Selective breeding * Antibiotic production * Recombinant DNA Restriction Enzymes * Bacterial enzymes: cut up foreign DNA * Specific: only but at recognition sequences * Palindromic: cut at the same base sequence on each strand‚ but in the opposite direction * The exposed bases provide “sticky ends” * H-bond to compliment bases of segments cut with same restriction
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Work and Energy. 1. What is the work done by a force of 20 N acting through a parallel distance of 8.0 m? What force will do the same work through a distance of 4.0 m? [160 J‚ 40 N] 2. A push of 120 N is applied along the handle of a lawn mower producing a horizontal displacement of 14.0 m. If the handle makes an angle of 30.0o with the ground‚ what work was done by the 120 N force? [1.45×103 J] 3. A rope making an angle of 35.0o drags a 10.0 kg toolbox a horizontal distance of 20
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Molecules of Life 4 Critical large Molecules- 1.) Carbohydrates 2.)Lipids 3.)Proteins 4.) Nucleic Acids -On the molecular scale‚ members of three of these classes--- Carbohydrates‚proteins‚ and nucleic acids--- are huge and therefore called Macromolecules. - Architecture of a large biological molecule helps explain how that molecule works. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Macromolecules
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Chapter 1: Biology- The study of life A Hierarchy of Organization 1. Molecules 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organism Emergent Properties- Novel properties that emerge as each step up the hierarchy of biological order is taken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life‚ all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structure
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Chapter 11: Cell Communication Concept 11.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell. I. Evolution of Cell Signaling 1. signal transduction pathway. a specific cellular response in a series of steps 2. signaling mechanisms first evolved in ancient prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes‚ then adopted for new uses 3. quorum sensing. allows bacterial populations to coordinate behaviors to carry out activities only productive when performed by a given number of cells
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Sphincter-they BOTH prevent the flowback of the food but each one of them performs a very important function. (Their functions can be seen in the Biology Textbook) 2 PHASES OF DIGESTION: CHEMICAL PHASE AND MECHANICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION under the MECHANICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION: we have Swallowing and chewing under the CHEMICAL PHASE OF DIGESTION: please refer to your Biology textbook *EGESTION(hndi ko lng sure kung ENGESTION or EGESTION s spelling)-opposite of ingestion‚ Egestion is the discharge or expulsion
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Chapter 29 An Overview of Land Plant Evolution 1. Describe four shared derived homologies that link charophyceans and land plants. a. The complexes that produce cellulose are rose shaped in both charophyceans and land plants. Next both have peroxisome enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products from photorespiration. The structure of their flagellated sperm is very similar. Finally‚ both form a phragmoplast during cell division. 2. Distinguish among the kingdoms Plantae‚ Streptophyta
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AP Biology notes: Chapter 2- The Chemical Context of Life 1. Overview * The bombardier beetle fights the ants that plague it by using chemistry. * The natural systems and environment that organisms live in involves chemistry and physics. * Biology is not the only category of science. There is also chemistry‚ physics‚ and engineering. * Organization of life is separated into a hierarchy of structural levels. 2. Elements and Compounds * Matter- anything that takes up
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Chapter 4 Microscopes Two important factors in microscopy are: 1) Magnification: an increase in the object’s apparent size compared with its actual size. 2) Resolving Power: the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects are separate. Three types of microscopes: 1) Light Microscope (LM) M: 1000x RP 0‚2 micrometer (small bacterial cell) 2) Electron Microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons to resolve electrons‚ better resolving powers than light microscope M:100‚000x RP 0
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