Cytokines and STAT Signaling 1. Introduction First discovered as the major signal transducer in interferon-mediated gene activation‚ STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are now known to play a significant role in signal transduction for most cytokines. STATs represent a family of conserved proteins‚ seven of which have been identified in mammals (i.e.‚ Statl‚ 2‚ 3 ‚ 4 ‚ Say5b‚ and 6; Darnell‚ 1997; Ihle et al.‚ 1994; Schindler and Darnell‚ 1995). Homologues have also been
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Growth Dynamics of E. coli in Varying Concentrations of Nutrient Broths‚ pH‚ and in the Presence of an Antibiotic Dvora Szego‚ Elysia Preston Darcy Kmiotek‚ Brian Libby Department of Biology Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy‚ NY 12180 Abstract The purpose in this experiment of growth dynamics of E. coli in varying media was to determine which media produces the maximum number of cells per unit time. First a control was established for E. coli in a 1.0x nutrient broth. This was used to compare
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glycoprotein receptors first discovered over twenty years ago. They exist as two noncovalently bound a- and b- subunits that function as adhesion molecules and play key roles in many biological processes including actin cytoskeleton organization and transduction of intracellular signals regulating cellular functions. Integrins bind a variety of extracellular matrices including collagens and laminins. The phenotypes observed from the generation of integrin knockout mice have provided a wealth of information
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require a receptor to work. Give examples of such drugs. Are usually proteins or part of a protein that have a distinct region to which drugs bind → 1. produces a change that: Directly induces a measurable response 2. Triggers a transduction chain that in turn produces a
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Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields) 7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow‚ develop‚ and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance
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Physiology 1 ch-4‚5 1. ___________ is a term which describes a membrane that allows only certain molecules to penetrate it. A. Selective permeable B. Permeable C. Porous D. Counter transport 2. Active Transport A. Utilizes energy B. Cannot transport molecules against a concentration gradient. C. Cannot be saturated D. Requires cofactors 3. The Rate of diffusion is influenced by A. The concentration gradient B. Membrane permeability C. Membrane surface area D. All of the choices are correct 4
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Chapter 6 Microbial Growth 1 Growth • increase in cellular constituents that may result in: – increase in cell number • e.g.‚ when microorganisms reproduce by budding or binary fission – increase in cell size • e.g.‚ coenocytic microorganisms have nuclear divisions that are not accompanied by cell divisions • microbiologists usually study population growth rather than growth of individual cells 2 The Growth Curve • observed when microorganisms are cultivated in batch
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"bioactivate" thyroid hormone by removing a single "outer-ring" iodine atom. D1 and D2 2. _______ and the _______ regulate virtually all aspects of growth‚ development‚ and homeostasis pituitary; hypothalamus 3. _______ are a component of signal transduction cascades secondary messengers 4. _______ binds to specific call surface receptors that stimulate adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP TSH 5. _______ control growth and development hormones 6. _______ directly controls the secretion of calcitionin
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Steroid hormones are lipophilic and can therefore diffuse across plasma membranes; they form signaling complexes with proteins A signal binds a surface receptor ( induction of conformational change in the intracellular domain of the receptor ( transduction and amplification of the signal via downstream partners either linear or via network Upon induction cells can start making signaling molecules that work either in an autocrine (same cell (type)) fashion or in a paracrine (other cells) fashion
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Research has determined that ageing is important to consider when looking at neurodegenerative diseases and there cause‚ such as Alzheimer’s disease. It is thought that neuronal loss is primarily involved in neurodegeneration when in fact it seems that synaptic strength‚ or plasticity‚ is more vulnerable to the process of ageing (1). Biochemical and structural alterations of the synapse such as changes in lipid composition in certain areas of the brain are also thought to be associated with this
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