The purpose of this experiment was to perform a wittig reaction‚ the horner-emmons wittig specifically‚ reacting an aldehyde with an ylide to make an alkene. This particular variation of the wittig reaction has several advantages: It gives only the trans product; it uses a much milder base that is easier to handle; and it gives a water soluble byproduct which is easy to separate from the product. The reason that these advantages occur is a change in the structure of the ylide. Instead of a tripheylphosphine
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| |Structure and Preparation of Alkenes. | |Elimination Reactions | Summary Alkenes contain the C=C functional group which can be prepared by 1‚2-elimination reactions such as: • dehydration of alcohols (- H2O) or • dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (- HX). Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted‚ and therefore more stable alkene. But the rule is not always obeyed
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hydrocarbons. Many alkanes are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. The smallest alkanes are used extensively as fuels. Apart from burning‚ however‚ they are remarkably unreactive. Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Alkene Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Alkane Methane Ethane Propane Molecular formula CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 Molecular formula C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 Molecular formula CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH Display formula Display formula
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hybridization they have. The three main groups of Hydrocarbons are Alkanes‚ Alkenes‚ and Alkynes (1). Alkanes are sp3-hybridized hydrocarbons characterized by single bonds between carbon atoms included in their chains. Alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the highest possible H atoms that they can since their single bonds give the Carbon atoms the opportunity to bond with three or two hydrogen atoms. Alkenes on the other hand are sp2-hybridized substances that are distinguished
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2-Butanol/Part B: Dehydrobromination of 1-Bromobutane & 2-Bromobutane Abstract The objective of this experiment is to successfully perform a dehydration of 1-butanol and 2-butanol‚ also dehydrobromination of 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane to form the alkene products 1-butene‚ trans-2-butene‚ and cis-2-butene. The dehydration reactions react under and acid-catalysis which follows an E1 mechanism. It was found that dehydration of 1-butanol yielded 3.84% cis-2-butene‚ 81.83% trans-2-butene‚ and 14.33% 1-butene
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D) (E)-2‚3‚6-trimethyl-2-heptene E) (E)-2‚4‚6-trimethyl-3-heptene 2. Which of the following statements is (are) true about compound A? A) A is a trans alkene. B) A is an E alkene. C) A is a cis alkene. D) Both (A is a trans alkene) and (A is an E alkene) are true. E) Both (A is an E alkene) and (A is a cis alkene) are true. 3. Rank the following compounds from least to most stable. 4. Rank the following compounds from least to most stable. 5. Predict the major
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Elecrophilic Addition to carbon-carbon double bond • The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition—the π bond is broken and two new σ bonds are formed. • Alkenes are electron rich‚ with the electron density of the π bond concentrated above and below the plane of the molecule. • Because alkenes are electron rich‚ simple alkenes do not react with nucleophiles or bases‚ reagents that are themselves electron rich. Alkenes react with electrophiles. Electrophilic Addition Energy Diagram: • The
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of isomers of alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons; learn about various methods of preparation of hydrocarbons; distinguish between alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of physical and chemical properties; draw and differentiate between various conformations of ethane; appreciate the role of hydrocarbons as sources of energy and for other industrial applications; predict the formation of the addition products of unsymmetrical alkenes and alkynes on the basis
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precipitate‚ etc) 2) work in a short amount of time (instantly to 5 minutes) 3) only work with one functional group The following are chemical tests that we will use in this class. Some cover two related functional groups (such as the bromine test for alkenes and alkynes)‚ while other only a specific subcategory of that functional group (such as the iodoform test for methyl ketones). In some cases there can be false positives (compounds which do not have the functional group still give a result test)
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mixture known as natural gas. The main constituents of the natural gas are methane‚ ethane‚ propane and butane. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS: HYDROCARBON Acyclic or Aliphatic Carbocyclic or Cyclic ( Open chain) Alicyclic Aromatic Alkanes Alkenes Alkyne Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Cycloalkynes Alkanes:- Paraffins General formula CnH2n+2 sp3 hybridisation C–C bond length 1.15 4 A0 Chemically unreactive Show chain‚ position and optical isomerism. Heptane has 9 isomer‚ Octane
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