exo-norborneol was produced by a hydration of alkenes by using an acid and excess water. Hydration of alkenes is the acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon pi bond that leads to the formation of an alcohol. Norbornene is a bridged cyclic hydrocarbon‚ this molecule contains a double bond that induces significant ring strain‚ and therefore‚ it is highly reactive. In order for this reaction to occur‚ equilibrium must be established between the hydration and dehydration processes. To drive
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between such terms as diffusion‚ dialysis and osmosis. In this experiment‚ we will be going over water residue‚ water of hydration‚ solutions and dialysis. For Water Residue section‚ place about 1 mL of tap water on a clean watch glass and gently heat it until water has evaporated. Record if there is any residue and repeat this procedure using deionized water. Next‚ for Water of Hydration section‚ obtain a few crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate‚ describe their appearance on the data sheet. Then place
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Altering the Time in Which Spaghetti is Hydrated in Boiling Water and Observing the Mass Increase Introduction Mass is defined as a body with a particular amount of matter contained within it. The mass of a particular object is always stationary‚ but due to the gravitational pull on different surfaces‚ the weight of an object may change. In this investigation‚ I will be discussing and observing the mass increase of raw spaghetti when spaghetti is hydrated in boiling water. In each trial‚ the
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Chemistry 111 – Lab #2 Formula and Composition of a hydrate Purpose of the Experiment: The purpose of this experiment is to provide an opportunity to practice proper heating and cooling techniques and to calculate the formula of a known anhydrous compound and to calculate the percent of water in an unknown hydrate from results. Materials and Methods: Materials used for this experiment included 3 crucibles (with lids)‚ clay triangle‚ ring‚ burner‚ CaSO4.2H2O and one unknown hydrate
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Lab 1: Alkene Addition: Bromination of (E)-stilbene I. Introduction: 1. The purpose of the experiment was to perform an electrophilic addition reaction by using pyridinium tribromide to brominate (E)-stilbene and to identify whether it formed the meso- or racemic product through melting point analysis. 2. This is the mechanism for the bromination of (E)-stilbene. However‚ this is the mechanism for Br2 and in class we us Pyridinium Tribromide instead due to the difficulties associated
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Preparation u Alcohols when heated in presence of H2SO4‚ H3PO4‚ P2O5‚ Al2O3 or BF3 undergo loss of water molecule with the formation of alkene. Conc. H2SO4 180oC H3PO4/P2O5 200oC Al2O3/BF3 350oC CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O u u Mechanism: In the first step OH group of the alcohol is protonated in a fast reversible reaction. Unlike OH group‚ protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+
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Hydration Super Hydration Super hydration is an approach to fluid intake to enhance fat loss through drinking ice cold water‚ and is flavoured by some body builders and people on rapid fat loss diets. There is currently no sound scientific evidence to prove that drinking ice cold water has any major effect on fat loss through increased kilocalorie use. Symptoms of super hydration include: Controlled appetite Clear skin Increased alertness Regular bowl movements It has been suggested
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fluids before‚ during‚ and after a workout or race. Often athletes are not aware that they are losing body fluid or that their performance is being impacted by dehydration. If you are not sure how much fluid to drink‚ you can monitor your hydration using one of these methods. 1.Weight: Weigh yourself before practice and again after practice. For every pound you lose during the workout you will need to drink 2 cups of fluid to rehydrate your body. 2.Urine color: Check the
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researchers published an empirical article called the “Comparison of the Effects of Hydration with Water or Isotonic Solution on the Recovery of Cardiac Autonomic Modulation”. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of hydrating after strenuous activity. The ideal time that someone hydrates by drinking water‚ Gatorade‚ or any other sport drink is unclear. The researchers do know‚ however‚ that hydration helps with tolerance to strenuous activity because it helps regulate the body’s
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to the carbon chain than alkanes. Are alkenes with double bonds. Are alkynes with triple bonds. 1 Structure of Alkenes Alkenes (and alkynes) are unsaturated hydrocarbons Alkenes have one or more double bonds The two bonds in a double bond are different: - one bond is a sigma () bond; these are cylindrical in shape and are very strong - the other is a pi (π) bond; these involve sideways overlap of p-orbitals and are weaker than bonds Alkenes are flat and have a trigonal planar shape
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