APA Style
APA Style
Intext citation
How to cite references within the text of an assignment
Use the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors).
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more authors.
Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.
Type
Examples
If you are referring to the general theme of a book or article
Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ...
An investigation into the effects of maternal age
(Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page numbers
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
When the authors of a source are not part of the formal sentence structure
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons.
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern &
Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal sentence structure
The year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors.
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Group authors and abbreviations
The names of groups are usually spelled out
Intext citation
How to cite references within the text of an assignment
Use the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors).
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more authors.
Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.
Type
Examples
If you are referring to the general theme of a book or article
Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ...
An investigation into the effects of maternal age
(Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page numbers
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
When the authors of a source are not part of the formal sentence structure
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons.
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern &
Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal sentence structure
The year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors.
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Group authors and abbreviations
The names of groups are usually spelled out