Western Civilization Exam 2 notes

HISTORY TEST 2
*Chapters 4, 6, & 7

18TH CENTURY (1700s)
The population of Europe nearly doubled in the 18th century.
After 1740, the climate changed and it got warmer, so fewer people died from exposure.
The death rate went down, the birth rate went up (because the amount of food went up).
The potato is the fourth of the great starches and was very good nutrition during this time. Made people stronger and healthier and the population grew.
Farmlands grew. Swamps were drained and turned into farmland. This had the effect of removing disease because the mosquitoes and malaria went away.
In 1788 there is a terrible harvest that produces terrible results.
A time of constant warfare:
(1700-1714) The War of Spanish Succession.
(1720s) The War of Polish Succession.
(1740-1748) The War of Austrian Succession.
(1756-1763) The 7 Years War.
(1778-1783) The War of the American Colonies.
Wars cost “Blood and Treasure.” (Lives and money)
The Church and the Aristocracy were exempt from taxes.
To pay for the wars they had to increase taxes.
4 examples how to deal with the cost of war:
1. GREAT BRITAIN- Constitutionalism. No taxation without representation. They were more willing to pay taxes. (SUCCESSFUL)
2. PRUSSIA- The ruling family—Hohenzollerns. Came up with a way to tax the nobility. If you are willing to pay taxes and have your sons be officers in the army, you get to run local affairs and we will not interfere with you. (SUCCESSFUL)
3. FRANCE- Absolutism, ran by Louis XIV. The French tried to overrun this rule after he died. The government’s money turned into loans and bonds and tried to pay for everything through borrowing. (NOT successful)
4. POLAND- Weak form of government. Only government where Kingship was elected. Shared power with an assembly but could not pass anything without a unanimous vote. (NOT successful)

THE THREE PARTITIONS OF POLAND:
1772- AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA, AND RUSSIA took a slice out of Poland. (They all surrounded Poland.
1792-They each took another slice.
1795-They each took a third slice, and Poland was no longer existent.
Poland would not be on the map again until 1919.
This is what happens to countries that cannot pay for their wars.

1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION
GREAT BRITAIN: HANOVERIANS, also known as WINDSOR: (Ruling Family) GEORGE I:
He depended on 2 mistresses to translate for him.
By the time George died Parliament had a large amount of control. FOLLOWED BY GEORGE II GEORGE III: (1760-1820)
Picked a fight with Parliament trying to fix what his father and grandfather did.
Stopped his coach and got out and shook a tree branch and said he was glad to shake the hand of the Prussian Ambassador.
He was coo coo.
George the third guaranteed that Parliament would have the decisive hand in British Government. GEORGE IV: (1820-1830) FRANCE: LOUIS XV (ruled from 1715-1774)
In 1715 LOUIS XV takes the throne, he is 5 YEARS OLD.
He outlived his son, but his grandson took over in 1774. LOUIS XVI
He became king in 1774.
He married Marie Antoinette in 1770. (She was an airhead.)
Her uncle came to France and looked over Louis XVI. The one sentence of appreciation he said was, “He is not altogether an idiot.”
Louis and Marie will eventually lose their heads to the guillotine. AUSTRIA: CHARLES VI- became king of Austria in 1711. (HABSBURGS)
He had a daughter Maria Theresa.
In 1740 Charles dies and Maria must take the throne PRUSSIA: FREDERICK WILLIAM I- becomes ruler in 1713 (HOHENZOLLERNS)
He created a regiment of men who were six feet tall. (Average male was only 5’5)
In 1740 he died and was succeeded by his son. FREDERICK II, FREDERICK THE GREAT- ruler in 1740
He wrote music for the flute that is still performed today.
He was a top class musician, but also a great military commander.
He had a correspondence for years with Voltaire, so he had to be very smart.
He is known for the fact he had GUTS.
“NO GUTS NO GLORY.”
He was determined to win war. SILESIA:
Part of Austria, full of mineral reserves, a very productive group of people.
THE WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION:
Frederick goes to war with Austria because he wants to rule Silesia.
Prussia wins the war and it is a great victory, but a great loss for Austria.
AUSTRIA & GREAT BRITAIN fought against PRUSSIA AND FRANCE. These were the allies of Austria and Prussia.
When Prussia wins Frederick gets the nickname, “THE GREAT.”
THE 7 YEARS WAR:
Years later they have another war, but Russia has joined the alliance of Austria and Great Britain, and the outcome does not look good for Prussia.
This is why Louis married an AUSTRIAN PRINCESS (Marie Antoinette), and Prussia is able to win the war. He is not named Frederick the Great for nothing. The war ended in 1763. THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES:
LAFAYETTE- A great Military commander, George Washington becomes very fond of him.
The BATTLE OF YORKTOWN:
BRITISH COMMANDER CORNWALLIS could not break the blockade of the port, and they could not get supplies.
ADMIRAL DE GRASSE- was blockading the port.
GENERAL WASHINGTON
After the war, LAFAYETTE goes home and has a son by the name of GEORGE WASHINGTON DE LAFAYETTE.
***There are more towns called Lafayette in America than towns called Washington.
The French helped the Americans win their independence from Great Britain.
This war made it impossible for the French to pay their bills. This leads directly to the FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789.

IMPORTANT DATES:
1789
1791
1792
1793-94

French Government built up a huge debt, NATIONAL DEBT.

1788- HARVEST FAILURE- it guaranteed a great deal of suffering.
By spring the food began to run out.
Put pressure on Louis XVI. He was forced to call a meeting of the ESTATES GENERAL.
ESTATES GENERAL (1789)
Called for the first time in 175 years
Made up of 3 houses:
CLERGY
NOBILITY
COMMONS
Each house had about 300 members. 3 votes on each issue, one from each house.
Said the Estates General should meet in a different version:
Double the common, 600
Vote by HEAD, not by ORDER. Said they should meet altogether as a single group.
King Louis said they could double the Commons, but that they could not meet altogether, and this did not change anything.
CLERGY-Every bishop (wealthy) made up part of the 300 of the Clergy, the rest of the clergy was made up of parish priests who had a real understanding of how people lived. (Because they lived among the people.)
COMMONS- mostly professionals like lawyers; they were influenced by the ENLIGHTENMENT. They were incredibly unrepresentative of the people they were supposed to represent. (Most people in France were uneducated peasants, workers, artisans, and poor.) This leads to the beginning of the Revolution….
14 July 1789
THE FALL OF THE BASTILLE
When the rioters broke into the Bastille.
A symbol the King’s power had been decisively broken.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The new name for the ESTATES GENERAL.
Entirely different in meaning. It implies it represents THE NATION. They began a REFORM AGENDA (VERY RADICAL).
***It will be summed up in 3 words, supposed to represent the essence of the FRENCH REVOLUTION:
LIBERTY- It means, the King’s power is limited by assembly, and it means LIBERTIES, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, THE BILL OF RIGHTS.
EQUALITY- means all men are equal in the eyes of the law, everyone is treated the same under the law, no privileges for specific people. The most radical thing.
FRATERNITY- means we are part of a nation and we are ALL IN THIS TOGETHER, a type of nationalism, POPULAR SOVERIGNTY>THE RULE OF PEOPLE (people rule themselves).
REVOLUTIONARIES- made the church an institutionalized state.
Said they will elect bishops, priests.
Everyone who has the right to vote will vote.
??How much money did Jesus have?
French said the revolution has gone too far.
1791
The revolution finishes writing its first Constitution.
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1791:
Gave the right to vote to 2/3 of adult males.
Before this only land owners and property owners could vote.
After this nothing would be the same, once you give people rights they don’t give them up easily.
**1792**
The revolution went to war. Every other country and ruler in Europe wanted to crush the revolution and restore Louis’ power in France. They wanted to keep the revolution from spreading. Did not want people in their countries to want what the French had, all their liberties and equalities.
***LOUIS XVI was COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM HIS THRONE, France adopted a REPUBLIC RULE-everyone is now to be ELECTED!
***ADOPTED UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE- for the first time anywhere, EVERY ADULT MALE IS ALLOWED TO VOTE.
There has been enormous radical change, and change upsets people.
1792 is one of the moments where people think that everything has been accomplished but everything is up for grabs. Other countries want to stop this so their countries don’t want to be EQUAL.
ALL THE OTHER COUNTRIES IN EUROPE GO TO WAR WITH FRANCE> COUNTER REVOLUTION.
COUNTER REVOLUTION (1793-1794)
War on the borders, war on the outside, war within. (France)
Everyone in Europe at war with France.
This revolution will ruin everything the original revolution stood for. (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.)
COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY
12 figures
Maxamillion Robespierre- most important figure. He was a lawyer and politician. He had CHARISMA, made people want to follow him.
He was all for the Revolution and all of its ideas.
He believed the end, the survival of the Revolution, would justify the means. He would do whatever it takes to make the Revolution survive.
He created armies large enough to win against the other countries.
He decreed “LEVEE EN MASSE”, the mass mobilization of the state, every unwed man is drafter. If you don’t like it, we will shoot you.
There was a place for everyone, which is why it was called a mass mobilization. The largest army in Europe.
He made sure the officers were good.
One general lost a battle that Robespierre thought he should have won. He had him sent back to France and executed. Robespierre said it was to “encourage” the other generals.
LAW OF SUSPECTS- anyone who is supposed to be a counter-revolutionist is arrested. They went to court and tried by the REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL. You were either INNOCENT, or DEAD.
LAW OF MAXIMUM- wage and price controls. If you violated this law, you came under the law of suspects.
The GUILLOTINE was created. It would remain France’s method of execution until 1981 when they abolished the law of execution.
About 40,000 people a year would die by execution or waiting to be executed.
1974
The Committee of Public Safety had won all the wars.
The revolution was won by LEVEE EN MASSE.
The Committee had created a TOTALITARIAN government to save the revolution.
******The revolution adopted everything it most despised as a way of saving itself.
Revolutionists said the revolution was based on Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
Counter revolutionists said the revolution was based on: Law of suspects, Rule by terror.
Robespierre was eventually sent to the Guillotine because he was thought to be too dangerous. There would be no Republic in France today without him.
1769
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE was born
He was born on the island of Corsica. Corsica was owned by the city-state of Genoa until 1768.
He was therefore born FRENCH.
Louis wanted to make friends with every important family in Corsica so he did them all a favor.
The favor he did for the Bonaparte’s was to give one of their sons a scholarship to the top military academy.
So little Napoleon went off to France.
Practically everyone in the Academy was nobility, and knew Napolean was a scholarship boy and people made fun of him.
Became an expert in artillery and mathematics.
In 1784 when he was 15, he was equivalent of second lieutenant in the army. He thought he would get no higher because he was a commoner.
In 1789 he is 19, and along comes the Revolution.
******IS NAPOLEON ON THE SIDE OF THE REVOLUTION? YESSSSSS!
He becomes a revolutionary, he is convinced he just needs a chance.
He rose rapidly through the ranks because of the revolutionary idea of EQUALITY.
IN 1796 he is GENERAL. He got own army, the ARMY OF ITALY. (Because he was given the task of conquering Italy.)
In November of 1799, he took over the Government. He will run France until April 1814.
****WHAT DID NAPOLEON DO, AND WAS HE A REVOLUTIONARY OR NOT???
He knew two of the greatest problems the revolution didn’t settle were religion and money.
In 1801 he signed a CONCORDAT (a treaty with the Pope). It said when there is a vacancy for a bishop or archbishop, the French will propose 5 names of men who are qualified, and the Pope will choose one. (At this point the church has its independence back. The fight between the church and the state came to an end.)
1802- Napoleon put together THE BANK OF FRANCE- controls the amount of money in circulation.
Main monetary unit was the FRANC.
They were to maintain stability of the FRANC.
***Between 1802-1914, the French Franc was the most stable currency in the world.
1804- Napoleon issued THE CIVIL CODE (THE CODE OF NAPOLEON)- it was a reworking of French law that removed every special privilege and guaranteed that every adult male was EQUAL. Napoleon imposed this law everywhere he went. He took the idea of the Revolution everywhere he went.
Napoleon created specialty schools for boys, LYCEES. They were first state secondary schools. They had to pass extremely tough schools to get in. You learned EVERYTHING in this school, the schools were turn out the new leaders of France.
LEGION OF HONOR- for anyone that deserved recognition for the state, it didn’t matter who you were. You were added to this.
CAREERS OPEN TO TALENT- MERITACRACY (rule through merit) Napoleon didn’t care where you came from, but what you could do.
M. NEY- was Napoleon’s top General.
*Napoleon ruled France from 1799-1814. He averaged writing 8 substantial memoranda each day.

*****THE NOTES TODAY VERY IMPORTANT!!!!!!

*popular sovereignty
*nationalism
*UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE

***DID NAPOLEON FULFILL OR BETRAY THE REVOLUTION???
HE RULED FRANCE FROM 1799 TIL 1814
***WHAT DID HE DO IN FAVOR OF EQUALITY?????>>>> CREATED LYCEES (SECONDARY SCHOOLS, TO GET IN COMPLETE COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS AND ONLY THE TOP SMARTEST PEOPLE GET IN)>>>> LEGION OF HONOR (HONORS CONSPICUOUS SERVICE TO THE STATE)>>> CAREERS OPEN TO TALENT (NAPOLEON’S GREATEST GENERAL WHO GREW UP THE CHILD OF THE VILLAGE BUTCHER)
***WHAT GRADE WOULD NAPOLEON GET FOR EQUALITY??? TEACHER THINKS HE SHOULD GET AN A!!!!!!!***

1799- Napoleon called himself consul
1802- title of consul for life
1804- gave himself the title emporer

Under Napoleon there were 3 ruling houses, the SENATE, the TRIBUNATE, and the LEGISLATURE.
*Napoleon made all the laws in France. People got to vote under the manhood suffrage law but IT DOESN’T MEAN ANYTHING!
*You could have freedom of speech, freedom of press, etc. as long as you didn’t criticize napoleon.

***WHAT GRADE SHOULD NAPOLEON GET ON LIBERTY??? DOES HE SHARE POWER WITH AN ELECTED ASSEMBLY? DO THE FRENCH STILL HAVE LIBERTIES? (kind of). THE STUDENTS AND TEACHER VOTE THAT HE GETS A C!!!!!! NAPOLEON-“AUTHORITY FROM ABOVE CONQUERS FROM BELOW”

-Everywhere napoleon goes he takes the CODE OF NAPOLEON.
*****ON THE TEST YOU MUST FILL IN WHAT GRADE NAPOLEON WILL GET FOR FRATERNITY!!!!

CLEMON VON METTERNICH- he and Napoleon were almost contemporaries
He believed in privilege.
He believed some people deserve things over others.
He was an old fashioned monarchist and believed monarchs should not share their power with anyone.
He was a believer of NATIONALISM.
He tried to design coalitions to defeat Napoleon.
In 1814 Napoleon was defeated.
Why couldn’t Napoleon win?
He was someone who USURPED the throne, SIEZED the throne.
He was the embodiment of the French Revolution, and he was an example that someone could claim the throne and get away with it.
NAPOLEON WAS EXILED TO THE ISLAND OF ELBA. (just north of Corsica where he was born.) The other European rulers gave him the title “EMPORER OF ELBA” so he would feel resentment (Elba was a little tiny island.)
He is 44 at this time, and he ruled a lot of the world before, so he will not be satisfied ruling Elba.
MARCH 1815- Napoleon decided it was worth one more gamble.
He and a few followers escaped elba and landed in the south of France.
The Bourbon family was now on the throne of France.
LOUIS XVIII was the ruler and he had put Michelle Ney in charge of his military forces. (Napoleon’s former best general.)
Ney says he will bring Napoleon back in an iron cage.
Ney goes with more than 10,000 men, Napoleon has about 350 people (If they go into battle, Napoleon will obviously lose).
Napoleon walked from his men towards Ney, and when in shouting distance, he held his hands out and yelled, “SHOOT YOUR EMPORER IF YOU WILL.”
Not a gun went off, and Michelle Ney raced forward and knelt in front of Napoleon and said, “MY LORD MY EMPORER, MY TROOPS ARE YOURS.”
NAPOLEON IS BACK!!! Now he will fight to take back over the throne.
JUNE 1815-
The battle took place between Napoleon and Britain in Belgium, in WATERLOO.
This time Napoleon was defeated again and he knew it was over.
He asked the Brits not to send him to France, but to Louisiana.
Instead they sent him to one of the most isolated places in the world, midway between South America and Africa, the Island of Saint Helena (a little dot on the map).
Napoleon died there in May of 1821 from poison.

*Napoleon was a symbol of what the Revolution meant, and people wanted that to be crushed.

*******CONTEXT BETWEEN THE IDEALS OF BONAPARTE AND METTERNICH. LIBERTY OR NOT? EQUALITY OR NOT? NATIONALISM OR NOT? THIS IS WHAT THE GREAT PROBLEM WAS ALL ABOUT. IT WAS ALL ABOUT ISM’S. (MEANS BELIEF IN.) ALL THE BELIEFS THAT METTERNICH ESTABLISHED.
*LIBERALISM- FRENCH DEFINITION OF ASSEMBLY, AND BRITISH DEFINITION.
*EGALITARIANISM- EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
*NATIONALISM-

*19TH CENTURY ALL ABOUT THE ISM’S, WHETHER THEY WILL WIN OR LOSE. WILL IT BE BONAPARTE, OR WILL IT BE METTERNICH???
*THEY WILL WIN DESPITE THE FORCES OF METTERNICH.
*WHEN PEOPLE GOT A TASTE OF THE ISMS AND EQUALITY, THEY WANTED MORE.
*THEY NEVER WANT TO GO BACK TO WHEN PEOPLE WERE BETTER THAN OTHERS BECAUSE OF THE FAMILY THEY WERE BORN IN.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
*******WHEN YOU COMBINE THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION YOU GUARANTEE THE WORLD WILL BE TRANSFORMED BEYOND RECOGNITION.
1750-
The city of Nancy ordered a statue of the ruler of France, Louis XV, to be constructed in Bronze by a sculptor in Paris. It got stuck on its way to Nancy.
The statue finally gets delivered in the 1840S!!! After the RAILROAD gets invented, only 100 years too late.
Transportation and communication begin to develop. (First comes the telegraph, then the telephone.)
3 THINGS DEFINE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
1. MECHANICAL ENERGY REPLACES HUMAN OR ANIMAL ENERGY. (The spinning wheel, people have machines in their home.)
2. THE FACTORY METHOD- A FACTORY IS A BUILDING WITH A MACHINE IN IT. (Bigger machines, progress from the spinning wheel, not in homes, but in factories.)
3. URBANIZATION- “MILL TOWN”, “FACTORY TOWN”. People come to live there to be next to the factory.
This 3-stage process revolutionizes the world.
TEXTILES- WOOL AND COTTON. Textiles start in the 18th century (1700s) in Great Britain.
***Why did the Industrial revolution start in Britain, and not anywhere else???
1. GEOGRAPHY- Great Britain is an island, and it is relatively flat. Water transport was more possible here than anywhere else. Most rivers in Great Britain were NAVIGABLE. You could put heavy materials on barges down the river. This gave them a huge advantage with Geography.
2. MINERAL RESOURCES- Machines made of metal, and iron is made of iron ore and coal, and these were found close together in Britain which makes it easy for them to make iron. Unlike the rest of Europe, British coal was found very near the surface. This also gave them an enormous advantage.
3. LAW- they created LIMITED LIABILITY, which became very critical! THEY CREATED CORPORATIONS. If you form a business on the basis of PARTNERSHIP (partners are both equally liable), CORPORATION (you are only liable for how much you have invested), (BRITISH COMPANY ROLLS ROYCE LTD.—MEANS LIMITED LIABILITY, MEANING IT IS A CORPORATION) The British encouraged investment, because people knew that was the most they could lose, so it was a manageable risk.
4. TECHNOLOGY- The first to create a University of EDINBURGH, the first tech school where they studied technology. Almost all the great technologists from Britain went to Edinburgh (there they studied sciences, and science produced inventions.)
THE COMBINATION OF THESE 4 THINGS GAVE THE BRITISH A HUGE LEAD.
By 1815 the standard of a steam engine was that run by WATTS (Created by James Watt). Many more Watt style steam engines in Britain.
When the Europeans build the railroad they will have the same capacity as the British, so it becomes possible to catch the British, though they start in the lead.
Everything the British had to be in the lead, everyone else will need to develop. The European countries must create the railroad for transportation, dig up the minerals from deeper in the ground, adopt the law of Limited Liability, must develop technology.
SOCIAL THOUGHT- How will we organize society and the economy in accordance with the Industrial Revolution.
*The middle class became the “Manufacturing Middle Class”- they will demand things from the Industrial revolution, LIBERTY, RIGHT TO VOTE, EQUALITY, ETC. (INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CREATED A NEW MIDDLE CLASS AND A NEW LOWER CLASS)
*The lower class becomes factory workers, the working class. They will demand things as well. People must be sent to school, learn to read and write, add and subtract, so they can be smart enough to use the new more difficult machines. When they become smarted they will begin to demand the right to vote and equality as well. New people are coming to the top and will demand things.
***THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TRANSFORMS SOCIETY.
1776-
Adam Smith wrote “WEALTH OF NATIONS”. THE BIBLE OF CAPITALISM. It was written above all against MERCANTILISM (government control of the economy under Louis XIV.)
Adam argued the economy would work best when left entirely alone, when the government has no influence whatsoever.
His famous phrase, *“LAISSEZ-FAIRE”, means LEAVE IT ALONE, LET IT BE. “AN INVISIBLE HAND THAT REGULATES THE MARKETS.”—DEFINED AS *THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND—this will regulate the market*. (Supply and Demand are supposed to be equal).
This Law also applies to labor. Adam Smith said you may not like it, but it regulates the system right. He says the marketplace is a better regulator than the government, and the marketplace is regulated by supply and demand. This is why his book is called the bible of Capitalism

IMPORTANT MEN:
*ADAM SMITH- Wealth of Nations (1776) known as the “Bible of Capitalism”.
*THOMAS MALTHUS- Very first demographer, study of demographics, POPULATION, the study of people.
Identified how rapidly the population was increasing.
Made the striking comment that population increases geometrically, and agriculture increases aromatically.
Population always grows more quickly.
People who followed him created the first birth control—Malthusian society. After this population goes down a lot.
*DAVID RICARDO (1772-1823)—he derived “THE IRON LAW OF WAGES.”
The Iron Law said a factory owner should pay his workers the lowest possible wage to survive.
If you pay them more they will be healthier, have more children, the population will increase, and then wages will be forced to go down anyway.
Called the Iron Law because it can’t be broken.
*HENRI DE SAINT-SIMON-argued the solution to the Industrial Revolution was:
1. TECHNOCARACY- Put government and control of the economy in the hands of TECHNICAL EXPERTS instead of politicians (kings, queens, etc.)
2. The secret of Capitalism is access to CREDIT. Banks don’t loan money to people unless they are certain they will pay it back. Government will have to figure out how to EXTEND CREDIT TO MORE PEOPLE. CREDIT BANKS. SIMON is the father of the idea of CREDIT.
*LOUIS BLANC- felt government needed to take a much larger role than Adam Smith ever believed.
Wrote the “NATIONAL WORKSHOP” (1840s)—wrote that in times of serious economic stress (the depression), the government should hire the unemployed and pay them enough money to survive.
Then the unemployed will pay the baker for food, pay the seamstress for clothes, and the money would be put back into circulation.
*ROBERT OWEN-at one point one of the wealthiest men in the entire world.
He was convinced David Ricardo was fundamentally wrong, because he never thought of PRODUCTIVITY.
PRODUCTIVITY will not occur when people are not paid anything to motivate them.
Built a factory called NEW LANARCK. Created modeled factories that were the cleanest and greatest factories.
Each worker got a block next to them that showed their progress and how much they were paid. If they worked harder and got more done, they would get a better block which represented that they were being paid more money.
Every working family was given a little cottage and a plot of land to grow vegetables on.
Workers were treated fairly and they worked so hard that Robert Owen became the wealthiest man.

*BLUE names were the first three men who were SOCIALISTS who backed SOCIALISM.
*ALL MODERN WESTERN COUNTRIES ARE A COMBINATION OF THE IDEA OF ADAM SMITH, SAINT-SIMON, AND LOUIS BLANC.

KARL MARX (1818-1883)
MARXISM.
1848- much of Europe was engaged in Revolution.
Frederick Engels (friend of Marx)- wrote “The COMMUNIST MAIFESTO.”
This was portrayed as the Bible of Communism, but was not. Never more than a piece of propaganda.
Marx insisted from then on he would expropriate Socialism with himself.
“DAS KAPITAL”, or “CAPITAL”-the first volume published in 1867. Wrote by Marx. Marx almost finished the second volume before he died, and Engels published it.
The third volume was created out of Marx’s notes and published in 1894.
“Das Kapital”-we are exposed to the basic ideas of Marxism.
a.i. DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM-
a.ii. Marx said MATERIALISM was the basis of any society:
a.iii. Three systems:
a.iii.1. MANORIALISM
a.iii.2. CAPITALISM
a.iii.3. SOCIALISM
a.iv. Every society will be completely different because different things will be built on top of these BASES.
a.v. Everything built on top of these bases, (like government, law, culture, religion, etc.) these things are called SUPERSTRUCTURE.
a.vi. If you change the base, the Government system, it will change the whole society and all the bases.
a.vii. Marx was absolutely right about the MATERIALISM part of his theory.
a.viii. DIALECTAL:
a.ix. You start out with a THESIS. Every thesis has an ANTITHESIS.
a.x. Dialectal says what happens when we put these two in the ring and let them go after each other.
a.xi. This creates *SYNTHESIS. What is the synthesis? It is neither one, or the other, not a combination of the two, but what comes out of the conflict.
a.xii. The meaning of the two words together, DIALECTAL MATERIALISM:
a.xii.1. Karl Marx said that history is the story of economic systems and the societies built on top of them, in conflict through the dialect.

The FIRST THESIS: PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM- ex:(the caveman kills the wooly mammoth in front of all the other cavemen)
ANTI-THESIS:
PRIVATE PROPERTY- (the caveman swings his spear at the others and says, “HE’S ALL MINE.”)
SYNTHESIS:
THE CLASSICAL SOCIETIES OF GREECE AND ROME. The slave societies of Greece and Rome.

MIDDLE AGES:
THESIS: MANORIALISM- the economy of the MANOR.
ANTITHESIS: REVIVAL OF TOWNS/COMMERCE
SYNTHESIS: CAPITALISM

*This is what we had when Marx was alive.
Capitalism was the Synthesis, not is the next thesis> but Marx died before he could figure the rest out.
Marx says Capitalists with always take the Adam Smith approach.

THESIS: CAPITALISM
ANTITHESIS: PROLETARIAT-unskilled working class
SYNTHESIS: PERFECT COMMUNISM> He could not be more wrong about every last bit of this assumption.
Marx is very much dead.
*UNDERSTAND MARX

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: An extraordinarily powerful force for change.

5 Great Powers:
i. RUSSIA (ALEXANDER I) ii. AUSTRIA (VON METTERNICH) iii. FRANCE iv. PRUSSIA
v. GREAT BRITAIN
1815—CONGRESS OF VIENNA
All the powers tried to get together and put Europe back together after the revolutions of Napoleon.
They tried to restore the world as it had been.
HENRY A. KISSINGER- (still alive)
Worked for President Nixon, national security advisor.
He tried to keep the ideas of the revolutions for true capitalists of change.
RUSSIA and AUSTRIA became the tightest of allies. If there was trouble anywhere, they would back each other. For a long time they are able to prevent change.

GREAT BRITAIN:
Ruled by George I, II, III. George III was king from 1760-1820, and he was loony tunes.
Parliament filled in the gaps. The talked about the freedom of the English people.
Suffrage districts- 1/8. Where people could vote.
REFORM BILL of 1832- Lord Earl Grey pushed it through.
i. Redistricted, made districts fairer. ii. Gave the vote to some of the middle class.
1ST REFORM BILL: (1832)
Lord Earl Grey, Prime Minister, oversaw this bill.
REPEAL OF THE CORN LAW (1846)
Robert Peel is now Prime Minister.
London Policeman were called “Peelers”.
“BOBBIES”- the name given to a policeman in London.
Peel was worried that high food prices might lead to revolt or revolution.
Food was priced so high because of “THE CORN LAW”:
It was to guarantee the wealth of landowners.
Imported wheat was to be taxed so it would be more expensive than British wheat, so people would buy more British wheat.
If the Corn Law was repealed, the wealthy people who dominated Parliament would suffer.
Could Robert Peel get the people of Parliament to repeal this law in order to stop a revolution? The answer is YES!!!
The British were willing to compromise in order to reduce the risk of revolution. ***EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE WILL OCCUR IN FRANCE!
FRANCE:
CHARLES X BOURBON (1824)
IN 1830 the French have a revolution to GET RID OF CHARLES.
He is chased away from the throne and France and the Bourbons no longer rule France.
He could have ruled til death if he accepted the changes that already occurred in France, but he was willing to risk revolution for change. LOUIS PHILIPPE I D’ORLEANS (1830-48)
He became ruler of France in 1830.
Wanted to be a constitutional monarch.
Francois Guizot, his advisor, passed the GUIZOT LAW (1833):
This law was to build public schools for children.
If we educate children, they will have a greater chance to succeed, then they will make more money, then they can pay more in taxes.
Guizot thought they should give people opportunities.
This was a first law in a nation to build public schools everywhere.
1842 RAILROAD LAW
Pushed through by Louis and Francois.
You must get the land ready first, then lay the track, then put the cars on it, and only then do you make your first dollar.
They wanted to set up a government and business partnership to do this.
The government was to acquire and clear the land, and then the company would come and lay the track and cars.
Because of this deal, Louis and Francois were required to keep the price low and amount of passengers low so people would want to ride the railroad.
This was a tremendous success.
They thought the only people who had the right to vote should be people who have a position in society, because they have something to lose.
The right to vote was highly restricted to just those people who paid a lot in taxes.
The people were angry and said they had the right to vote before, and they want it back.
Guizot replied with-“IF YOU WANT TO VOTE, GET RICH.” 1838-
There is another revolution and Louis and Francois are both kicked out.

***A LOT OF CHANGE IN BOTH FRANCE AND BRITAIN, BUT A LOT MORE VIOLENT IN FRANCE. PARLIAMENT IN BRITAIN GAVE UP THINGS TO PREVENT REVOLUTION, SO IT WAS MUCH MORE CALM THERE.

FELIX SCHWARZENBURG-
New Prime Minister.
He was urged to be merciful to the Hungarians in Austria.
He said “mercy is good but first let’s have a hanging.” He finally stopped after 100 people.

AFTER 1848
Almost all revolutions up until this point, except for one in France, had been crushed brutally.
There was a new set of thinking in scientific thought.
In 1859 Charles Darwin wrote a book VERY INFLUENTIAL.
Called “THE ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES”:
About scientific and social thinking.
Argued that life was all about struggle.
Said every species produces too many offspring. There is not enough room or food for them all to survive, which causes a struggle of survival.
Some survive, and some do not. Those who do survive go on to the next generation and pass on their genetics.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST- whoever does whatever it takes to survive….those are the ones who survive.
Darwin says this is the way species have survived.
In 1871 Darwin wrote a second book that set off a fury.
“THE DESCENT OF MAN”:
Argued that human beings and great apes have a common ancestor.
SOCIAL DARWINISM:
It would have grevenous repurcussions.
Social Darwinists were everywhere in the Western world. These were people that followed Darwin’s beliefs.
H. SPENCER- A social Darwinist started suggesting a struggle and war.
At this time COLONIALISM and IMPERIALISM began to develop.
1900- Europeans ruled most of the world.
For social Darwinists, they started to see Europeans, or white people as “Fitter”, or “better”.
***THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF MODERN RACIALISM.
They claimed the fact of white people being better as a term of science.
Darwinism became a very dangerous idea in the hands of social Darwinists.
1914-Europe leaps into a horrifying war
THE GREAT WAR:
About 11 million people die.
There wasn’t any stopping the social Darwinists.
So much of science at this time began to imply that this biological thinking had a strong basis in truth.
At this time Medicine had many advances.
ROBERT KOCH AND LOUIS PASTEUR:
They discovered the germ theory that so much illness is caused by bacteria, and that this bacteria must be treated to cure.
Many women were killed by getting diseases from doctors during childbirth. After doctors began washing their hands, these death rates were cut in half.
Pasteur came to be seen as a genius.
He developed PASTEURIZATION, when cows milk is heated before drinking it. This way children could drink milk safely and grow to have strong bones and teeth.
Pasteur thought he had created a cure for rabies. He administered his treatment on a boy that had been attacked by a rabid animal. The boy did not get rabies, and this was the first time this happened. (only one to stop rabies)
PASTEUR WAS A SCIENTIST.
***THE PROGRESS OF THIS KIND OF SCIENCE GAVE EXTRA VALIDITY TO DARWIN.
I. PAVLOV:
He began by harnessing dogs when they couldn’t move, and he would ring a bell and show them food simultaneously, and they would salvate.
He wanted to see if he could show that the Bell meant food, and get them to salvate by only ringing the bell and not showing them the food.
He was the FIRST PERSON TO BE A TRUE PSYCHOLOGIST.
SIGMOND FREUD;
Began to try and figure out how the mind works
His theory was that the conscious mind (ego) was only part of the way the mind works.
From one side is the ID- unconscious desires (food, sex, ambition).
On the other side, SUPEREGO- conscience.
We are constantly caught between the ID and the SUPEREGO.
He said almost everybody is neurotic. That is why people are called PSYCHOTIC… when these two fight against each other.
All of this encouraged people to think science had the answers, and that SOCIAL DARWINISM IS RIGHT.
Disabling mental problems is psychosis
SOCIAL DARWINISM:
Actually had a political component to it.
SCIENCE:
NEWTONIAN PHYSICS
Matter on one side and energy on the other (x-rays/ modern physics/ plutonic theory)
ALBERT EINSTEIN
E=mc^2
POPE PIAS IX
Held Pope-ship longest running time (1846-1878) -32 years
1864 issues List of Errors begins with “it is an error to believe” condemns every modern idea
Every idea from the enlightenment forward is condemned
PRUSSIA:
OTTO VON BISMARCK:
Became Prime Minister
He said, “The great questions are settled by blood and iron.”
He meant WAR.
He will be an example of the POLITICAL COMPONENT TO SOCIAL DARWINISM.
This was horrifying to many people, including the Catholic Church.
They thought the more people believe in science, the less they will believe in God.
THE SYLLABUS OF ERRORS (1864)
Pope Pius IX.
It condemned everything the Church thought was wrong.
It condemned every new idea since the French Revolution.
The final item on the list read “IT IS AN ERROR TO BELIEVE THAT THE POPE AND THE HOLY CATHOLIC CHURCH SHOULD ACCOMMODATE THEMSELVES TO THE MODERN WORLD.”
This book did not have a lot of influence.
FREDERICK NIETZSCHE: (1844-1900)
Trained first a s a classicist then began writing philosophy (wrote them as a set of stories)
The most influential philosopher of the 19th century.
He told stories, and his books sold because of this.
*REMEMBER THE STORY HE READ IN CLASS!!!!.
“THE MAD MAN”-A man saying I seek God! He said everyone killed God. He went to the churches singing, God rest in Peace! They kicked him out. He said “What is the church now if it is not the tomb of God?”
HE MEANT IF THE CHURCH HAVE CHOSEN TO FOLLOW SOMEONE ELSE OTHER THAN GOD, THEY ARE NOW FOLLOWING ANOTHER GOD.
SCIENCE IS BECOMING MORE IMPORTANT THAN RELIGION AND IF PEOPLE NO LONGER GO TO CHURCH THEN “GOD IS DEAD”
WHERE DI THE MORAL ETHICS FROM THE BIBLE GO IF GOD IS DEAD? (10 COMMANDMENTS)

********NATIONALISM*********
(FRANCE FOR FRENCH, ENGLAND FOR ENGLISH, RUSSIA FOR RUSSIANS. BELIEF IN ONE’S OWN COUNTRY. ITALY FOR ITALIANS, GERMANY FOR GERMANS.)
*NATIONALISM HAD A BIRTH AND BOOST DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
*people became to look to the nation for solutions instead of the Church
*By the time of the Great War in 1814 nationalism was the most powerful belief system in the world.
*NATIONALISM is the RELIGION OF A NATION.

****1914 VERY IMPORTANT!******

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS DECLINE (TURKEY)
The middle east, Northern Africa, bulkan peninsula, asia minor, parts of Europe, etc.
“the Sick Man” –nickname of the Ottoman Empire because it cant die all at once because revolt will occur for fight for its land so it has to die slow and fall apart piece by piece.
1854 Zsar Nicholas goes to war against the Ottoman Empire
Since the 1600s the Ottoman empire had been falling apart.
When it disintegrates every country is going to want a piece.
The Baltic sea is of the North of Russia, and you can easily blockade Russia in the Baltic Sea.
Vladivostok- Russia’s southernmost pacific port. Frozen about 6 months of the year. Russia seeks warm ports.
Russia wants to defeat the Ottoman Empire and to seek access to the Mediterranean.

3 issues:
1. Nationalism
2. The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
3. Conflict between Russia and the Ottomans
4. Austria loses everything
5. The new Italy

1854:
CRIMEAN WAR- A dispute became a war between the Ottomans (Turkey) and Russians.
The first act of war was between the naval fleets in the Black Sea.
The Russians sank every single Turkish ship and they had complete command of the Black sea.
France, Great Britain, and Piedmont all joined on the side of TURKEY.
Russia asked Austria, their ally, if they are with them. Austria thinks about this and all the countries they will be fighting against, and realize the war will be fought in Austria if they join.
Austria DENIES Russia’s request. Russia is on its own.
This was a STUPID STUPID decision by Austria because from this point on, Russia breaks with Austria and will no longer be its ally.
*****60 years later in 1914 when the Great War begins, RUSSIA will be on one side, and AUSTRIA will be on the other.*****
CRIMEAN WAR: Crimean peninsula near the Black Sea.
This war lasts two years or a little shorter.
The Russians were beaten very badly.
Because of the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, Great Britain and France were able to get ships all the way to the Black Sea, and Russia was not as technologically advanced.
This war was the first thing that showed how important the Industrial Revolution was.
The country that lost the most from this war was AUSTRIA, because it no longer has Russia to back it up, even though Austria had stayed out of the war.

THE DANGER OF NATIONALISM IS THE GREATEST IN GERMANY AND ITALY. PIEDMONT JOINED THE WAR BECAUSE THEY KNEW AUSTRIA WOULD STAY OUT AND THAT PIEDMONT WOULD WIN A LOT OF FRIENDS FROM THE INSIDE.

Creating ITALY:
Pioneered banking and led the rise of Capitalism.
Renaissance, rebirth.
Produced some of the greatest painters and sculptors of all time.
Lombardi, its capital Milan, and Venetia with its Capital Venice—these were critical parts if you wanted to put Italy together. As long as Austria controlled these two places Italy couldn’t be fully together.
Parma, Modena, Romagna, Tuscany, the Papal state, Naples.
Not much had happened since the Renaissance.
The Italians wanted an ITALY for themselves, they did not have this, so they did not have Nationalism like the other countries.
After 1854 they only have to defeat ONE country to gain all the land they needed.
C. D. CAVOUR:
He knew all Piedmont had to do was gather a single great power to help conquer Austria, and Italy could be created.
He turned to the French, and they would assist Piedmont in the effort to help create Italy.
LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (the nephew of Napoleon) a.k.a NAPOLEON III was ruling France at this time.
He wanted the same glory his uncle had and found an easy way to get it by fighting against Austria to help create Italy.
1859:
The war began.
Austria attacks Piedmont not knowing the French are their allies.
The French came roaring to their rescue.
Every chance Austria had to make a decision in the 19th century, they blew it.
The war did not last long, the French had gone through an Industrial Revolution, and Austria had not even invented the railroad.
Modern Industrial Warfare is created by the Industrial Revolution.
Everything that looked like old Italy was swept away.
Italians finally had the chance to make their own country. ITALY created in 1860. NATIONALISM.
It took 6 years after the Crimean War for Austria to lose everything.

Giuseppe GARIBALDI:
The GREAT SPONSOR OF ITALIAN NATIONALISM.
He looked like a hero, Cavour did not.
Cavour was the brains, Garibaldi was the hero.
**********Realized the Crimean War was about the split between Austria and Russia. Not everyone understood this, but he did.

1860:
WE HAVE A COUNTRY CALLED ITALY.
JUMP AHEAD 62 YEARS.

1922
ITALY becomes the first country to adopt FASCISM.

BELITO MUSSOLINI:
Became dictator ruling with Fascism.
Great friend of Hitler.

1861:
Cavour became sick. They called in the 3 greatest Doctors to take care of him, and when they were finished with him he was dead.
This man was a genius, and countries don’t often get a man like him.
Italy’s eyes were always bigger than its potential. Reasons why Italy went wrong:
A. Italy didn’t have resources. They didn’t have food resources.
B. They didn’t have human resources. Literacy in Italy was high. The more modern the society, the more important the education.
C. They did not feel unified because they resented the way Piedmont imposed themselves on Italy. It may have been different if Cavour had lived, but he was dead.
D. People left the country.
Many people in Italy left because of these problems.
Many people came to the United States, the largest coming in the 1880s and 1890s.
They felt they couldn’t get the life they wanted in Italy.
Nothing is better proof of a country being wrong than people trying to leave it. People thought it was failing.
E. The Papal state was destroyed, and the new capital became Rome, which used to be the Capital of the Roman Catholic Church.
PIUS IX was Pope at this time, he was the longest reigning Pope.
He reacted against the creation of Italy by saying they were guilty of theft.
Said they stole the Papal state and the city of Rome and that they would go to hell.
1874 he issued a Papal Letter (PAPAL BULL)—NON EXPEDIT
Italian Catholics should not have anything to do with their country. If you serve, are part of the government, or vote, you are committing a sin.
LEO XII
Took over when Pius died.
He was a very liberal Pope, but not in regard to Italy.
1886—NON LICET, issued by Leo, another Papal bull
Reiterated the previous Papal Bull, do not have anything to do with Italy.
F. AGUSTINO DEPRETIS, FRANCESCO CRISPI, and GIOVANNI GIOLITTI were the greatest rulers after Cavour died.
If you got in their way, they took you in and made you a part of the corruption, and if you still rebelled they made you “disappear”.
CRISPI was said to make bribery “fine art.”
GIOLITTI said if you have a problem, leave it alone. Most problems solve themselves, or get so bad you cant fix them. He had no solution to any problem. He was such a hopeless person. The Italian people gave him the nickname BOLOGNA SAUSAGE…in italy this was half pork, and half from donkey meat. A combination of PORK ASS, that is what they called their Prime Minister.
AVANTI!:
The title of their newspaper. BENITO MUSSOLINI was the editor of this.
They will say he cant be any worse, but he can be.

GERMANY
OTTO VON BISMARCK
Ruler of Germany, most influential figure in the 19th century.
He was 6’4 when the average man was 5’5.
Very well educated, and knew all the languages.
1862—became Prime minister of Germany.
He remained devoutly Christian.
The weird combination of religion and struggle made his personality very distinctive.
He uttered these words when he became Prime Minister:
“The great questions of the day are not settled by speeches or negotiations, they are settled by WAR.”
He wanted to create a Germany that was welded together by war and struggle.
He had to convince the king, WILLHELM I, that the wars he wanted to fight were winnable.

GET NOTES FOR THURS 3/15 AND TUES 3/20

Victoria 1837-1901
Edward VII 1901-10
Geroge V 1910-

Lord Earl Grey (1st reform bill of 1832)
Robert Peel (1st Police force)
Lord Melbourne (Edward Lamb)
W.E. Glasstone
B. Disreali
Lord Salisbury R. Cecil
H. Asquith
D. Lord George

Conservatives
Liberals
Tories
Labor
Wags?

The Monarchy in G. Britain reined, but PARLIAMENT ruled.
Victoria had the second longest reign in modern history. (1839-1901)
She married a German Prince, PRINCE ALBERT
He was called her CONSORT
They were actually in love, which wasn’t always true for marriages.
They had a lot of children
In 1861, he died of typhoid fever. (Most people died of infectious diseases.)
His death was an example of how contingent life was before modern medicine.
Her eldest son, Edward VII, took the throne as an old man. “The last fun King”
He was given the title PRINCE OF WHALES, name given to inheritors of the throne in England.
He was a big partier and lived a happy life.
George V was his son and took over when he died.
None of them had any real power.
LORD MELBOURNE had helped Victoria learn how to be Queen.
PARLIAMENT—the real rulers
Lord Earl Grey, a head of Parliament, who pushed through the first reform bill in 1832.
It gave the right to vote to more people, redistricted, and stopped a revolution from coming.
Robert Peel another ruler in Parliament
In 1846 made the CORN LAW
TWO PARTY SYSTEMS
TORIES-CONSERVATIVES
WHIGS- LIBERALS
GLADSTONE was a leader of the Liberal party
He was an Anglican, obsessively religious
Tried to convince prostitutes to reform
Gave the dullest speeches.
Knew almost everything and wanted to tell you everything
DISRAELI was a leader of the Conservative party
His father was a converted Jew, converted to the Church of England
Disraeli was always a member of the church of England
He was a member of the conservative party, but was in no way conservative, wore crazy clothes.
Married an older woman for her money
After Gladstone gave a 3 hour speech, it was now Disraeli’s turn to reply.
He said “It would be a disaster for Gladstone to fall into the river, but it would be a calamity if he would get out after.”
The town didn’t remember one word of Gladstone’s speech after this.
By the 1860s…
20 years past since the repealed corn law
The industrial revolution was much further along
Gladstone made a second reform bill
THE REFORM BILL OF 1866:
There would be a modest addition to the amount of adult males that had the right to vote.
Most people thought it would pass, and if it did, Gladstone would be famous for pushing it through, and an important national leader.
Disraeli convinced all the conservatives to vote against it and IT WAS DEFEATED. NEVER BECAME A BILL.
DISRAELI prepared his own reform bill
*REFORM BILL OF 1867:
His bill would increase the suffrage by a full 80%, almost double.
A significant amount of the working class would have the right to vote.
THIS BILL PASSES and DISRAELI becomes the famous influence in politics. He wanted the glory, and he wanted to beat Gladstone.
His much older wife threw a huge party for him and got drunk and celebrated.
She said “I know that Dizzy (nickname) married me for my money, but I think now he might marry me for my love.”
When Disraeli is Prime Minister, he puts much emphasis on foreign policy.
SUEZ CANAL:
Built by FERDINAND LESSEPPS
He payed the Egyptians money for the right of way to dig
He sold shared to wealthy people all over Egypt, said they would make a lot of money after the canal was built, but he needed their money up front to do it.
They got about a 5,000% return on investment after it was built.
Disraeli bought all the shares for G. Britain, so it was now theirs.
They considered it a vital link between Britain and India***.
Disraeli was convinced if Great Britain owned the canal, they could ensure the link between them.
1876
Queen Victoria given the title EMPRESS OF INDIA. This brought her our of her darkness after her husband died.
She becomes an increasingly popular old queen, and they see her as the Empire’s greatness.
1881
Disraeli dies.
During the last 5 years of his life, Victoria and he always told stories, and talked about Albert, and that Albert would love that story. If only Albert were here.
He fell into a coma before he died, and when he came out of it, his physician whispered in his ear said “the queen is willing to come to your bedside and say farewell.”
He jerked upright in his bed and said “Good God no!!!! She’d only have me take a message to Albert!” then he FELL DOWN DEAD.
In order for Disraeli to get what he wanted, Gladstone had to fail.
Gladstone did not want to give up:
He ends up becoming Prime Minister
1884 REFORM BILL (Third reform Bill)
Grants the right to vote to EVERY ADULT MALE
France, then Germany, then BRITAIN was third to grant this.
LORD SALISBURY (ROBERT CECIL)
Coined the term, GREAT BRITAIN LIVED IN ***SPLENDID ISOLATION.
WE ARE NOT PART OF EUROPE, NOT PART OF ANYTHING.
WE ARE GREAT BRITAIN, WE HAVE OUR EMPIRE, AND THAT IS SUFFICIENT.
There was a bad fog in Great Britain, and no ships could go in and out.
They began to realize being isolated wasn’t as splendid as they thought.
The bottom tip of Africa called the Boer
The BOERS WAR: 1897
Britain couldn’t defeat the Boers by traditional warfare, so they incarcerated the women and children in places they called CONCENTRATION CAMPS.
CONCENTRATION CAMPS were created by GREAT BRITAIN in the BOER WAR.
Said the women and children would die unless they forfeited their weapons and gave up.
Everyone else was on the side of the Boers, Europe, America, etc.
1898 FASHODA AFFAIR
Confrontation between British and French
Germans said they were created the largest standing army.
British knew they must be aiming it at them.
They wanted the French on their side
Edward had become King in 1901
MAY 1903
Edward V paid a visit to France, said the negotiations of this war were getting close.
APRIL 1904
ENTENTE CORDIAL…..The friendly agreement/ understanding
An agreement to settle all imperial disputes between G. Britain and France.
First European peacetime alliance
Took the map and said you get this, we get that.
The first time Britain engaged in a peacetime with another country.
After 1911, The Entente Cordial was transformed into a firm defensive alliance aimed at Germany.
Created to solve imperial issues, but transformed into a war alliance.
Britain is moving away from splendid isolation
1890s
Britain is changing on the inside
A THIRD PARTY created. THE LABOUR PARTY
Formed in 1893, SOCIALIST MARXIST PARTY
Designed to attract votes of WORKING CLASS
They are going to be the biggest party in Britain
At first they aren’t trusted, but eventually they will be the biggest.
This meant Britain was beginning to change rapidly
1905
The Elections for Parliament came down between the CONSERVATIVES and an alliance between the LIBERALS and LABOURS. (the LIBLAB alliance)
The LIB-LABS won.
HERBERT ASQUITH became head of the LIB-LABS. He is the Prime Minister
1909
PEOPLE’S BUDGET
David Loyd George is known as CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER!
He announces People’s Budget will be a social security system.
In order to pay for this, it included much higher taxes on estates, called DEATH DUTIES (taxes on the estate when someone dies)
And the creation of an INCOME TAX, Progressive income tax like in America, higher the income the bigger percentage you pay.
THERE WILL BE A FIGHT ABOUT THIS.
People’s Budget was presented to the House of Congress, and it passed because the Lib-Labs have a majority there.
Then it went to the House of Lourdes, THEY REJECTED IT. They were not supposed to rule on bills, they had previously never done this.
Asquith replies to them by Proposing the 4TH REFORM BILL.
The house of Lourdes has no right to deny a bill, or to rule on it.
Any law passed by the house of Congress, it has to be 3 consecutive years, becomes law automatically for the third time, and the house of Lourdes can’t stop it.
This turns the House of Lourdes into a joke. All they can do is delay legislation, but can’t stop it.
Edward VII’s son George asked his advisor, “What do the people want?” They replied the people think they should pass it.
Edward said to the House of Lourdes, you can pass this on your own, or if you don’t I will replace enough people so that the vote is yes and that it is passed.
They agreed, and the 4TH REFORM BILL BECOMES LAW.

IRELAND
The Irish people were treated terribly
Periodically the Irish revolted, and they were slaughtered
1700-1800, the potato was introduced in Ireland, produces greater crop per yield than any other grain.
The population EXPLODED, doubled between 1800 and the 1840s
1846:
A flight destroyed the potatoes.
Almost 90% of the potatoes were destroyed
Britain did nothing to help their starvation
1 out of 6 Irish people died from starvation
1 out of 3 left the island to go to the United States, and now the population dropped down to its original number.
Finally, there was a proposal from Gladstone.
Said he would give them HONE RULE:
They would be given the right to rule themselves in domestic issues.
There would be an Irish Parliament
PARLIAMENT in Great Britain turned down the idea of HONE RULE over and over again. But, if it is passed by the House of Commons 3 times it will become law.
Every time the house of Lourdes says no, but it doesn’t matter after the 4th reform Bill. It became law.
1914
Leads to the Great war.
British go to war with Parliament rather than a Civil War with Ireland.
Irish Potato Famine
1/6 of the population starved to death
1/3 immigrated to the united states population back to were it started
Glastone says let them run their own stuff except for Parlaments runs war trade and farm policy

KNOW ALL REFORM BILLS!!!!!!

ENGLISH KINGS:

George III= 1760-1820
George IV= 1820-1830
William IV= 1830-1837
Victoria= 1837-1901
Edward VII= 1901-1910
George V= 1910-

ENGLISH PEOPLE:
Earl Gray (1st reform bill of 1832)
Robert Grel
Melbourne
W. E. Gladstone
B. Dispaeli