Introduction to U.S. History

AP US Ch. 1-9 IDs
Chapter 1-2:

Walter Raleigh:
The leader of the attempted colonization of Roanoke Island (Early Virginia, which failed)
Treaty of Tordesillas:
The treaty dividing the “New World”. Spain gets the west, while Portugal gets the east (Brazil and some African Lands)
Elizabeth I:
The Virgin Queen. The Queen of Walter Raleigh. She was the Queen during the Defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Pocahontas:
Married John Rolfe. Was an intermediary between the Powhatan Indians and the Colonists.
John Rolfe:
Father of the tobacco industry. Perfected methods of growing and curing tobacco.
John Smith:
“He who shall not work shall not eat.” Saved the colonists from starvation. Became an ambassador to Indians.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada:
Made the English the rulers of the sea, and let them colonize.
Jamestown:
The first successful British Colony.
Thomas Dale:
First Governor of Virginia

Chapter 3:

John Calvin:
Founded Calvinism. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion.
John Winthrop:
First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Wanted them to be “a city on a hill”.
Peter Stuyvesant:
Despotic governor of New Amsterdam. Opposed popular suffrage: “The thief [would vote] for the thief and the rogue for the rogue”.
Anne Hutchinson:
Founded antinomianism (The saved don’t need to obey God or man’s Laws). Banished, and went to Rhode Island.
King Phillip’s War:
Indians allied together and attacked New England towns. Slowed westward movement.

Roger Williams:
Founded Rhode Island, which had complete religious freedom (to Non-Christians too).
He left Massachusetts to completely break from the Anglican Church
Dominion of New England:
From New York and New Jersey northward. Meant to bolster colonial defense. Imposed by the Parliament.
New England Confederations:
Mass. Bay Colony, Plymouth, and Connecticut banded together to defend against Indians, French, and Dutch. Puritan only.
Weak, but a notable step to colonial unity.
Patroonships:
Feudal estates along the Hudson River granted to settlements of more than 50 people
William Penn (58):
Founded Pennsylvania as a home for Quakers.
Gave land to anyone who moved to Pennsylvania
Jeremiads:
Puritan Sermons. Condemned the people for their waning piety.
Glorious Revolution 1688:
James II replaced by William III. Dominion of New England collapsed. Started “Salutary Neglect”
Great Puritan Migration:
The Puritans left Britain and went to Holland, but they didn’t like the “Dutchification” of their children, so they went to the New World
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
Established a democracy (only “substantial citizens” could vote)
Treaty of Utrecht:
Ended the French & Indian/ 7 Years War. Britain got Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay.

Chapter 4

Bacon’s Rebellion:
Angry backcountry men led against Governor Berkeley of Virginia who was unwilling to fight Indians attacking settlers because he wanted to preserve the colonies’ fur trade.
Salem Witch Trials:
Accusation of 20 people who were hanged, caused by Puritan intolerance and belief in witchcraft, and marked the end of Puritanism
Head right system: a system to encourage the importation of servant workers, where whoever paid for the passage of a laborer was entitles to 50 acres of land

Middle Passage:
The transatlantic sea voyage that brought slaves to the new world, where the death rate of the slaves could be as high as 20 %
Halfway covenant: a change to the covenant (agreement btwn Church and its adherents) where the unconverted children could be baptized, but not “full communion”; announced as a result of a decline in conversions and thus participation in church, and in an attempt to make up for the lost zealotry of the first generation of Puritans
Leisler’s Rebellion:
A bloody insurgence in New York through 1689 – 1691 resulting from animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants

Chapter 5

Triangular Trade Routes:
Rum from New England to Africa, slaves from Africa to the West Indies, molasses from West Indies to New England
George Whitefield:
An orotund parson who could move people to tears during his sermons and preached of human helplessness and divine omnipotence
John Peter Zenger:
A newspaper printer who’s newspaper assailed the corrupt royal governor and was charged with seditious libel, but was declared not guilty
Paxton Revolt: A protest in Philadelphia, 1764, against the Quaker oligarchy’s lenient policies toward the Indians
Phyllis Wheatley:
A slave girl brought to Boston, but was never formally educated, yet later went on to write verse and poetry that was among the best of its time.
What makes her special is that she could actually write poetry despite having to overcome her severely disadvantaged background
First Great Awakening: A rousing religious revival as a result of some churches stating that spiritual conversion wasn’t necessary for church membership, and the trend towards clerical intellectualism and lay liberalism
Jonathon Edwards:
Intellectual pastor who first ignited the Great Awakening, saying that salvation through good works is folly and that God’s grace gives salvation, hell is paved with the skulls of unbaptized children, and is considered one of the deepest theological minds of America

Regulator Protests:
An insurrection in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colonies’ affairs some years after the Paxton revolt

Chapter 6

William Pitt:
A.k.a. the “Organizer of Victory” and the “Great Commoner”, because he gathered his strength from the common people
A great orator as well as leader
Decide to soft-pedals assaults on French West Indies and concentrate n the Quebec-Montreal area
Picked young energetic generals over incompetent inflexible older generals
Treaty of Paris of 1763:
Ended French and Indian War/Seven Year’s War
France removed as a colonial power in the Americas
Spain removed of Florida
Pontiac’s Rebellion:
Fearing British dominance, Pontiac led several tribes to attack west settlements
The colonists sent infected blankets to eliminate the Native Americans
The British then realized they needed to protect the Indians and colonists
Proclamation of 1763:
The colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachians; temporarily
Response to Pontiacs Rebellion to protect both sides from attacks
Samuel de Champlain:
Leading figure in French exploration; “Father of New France”
Befriended the Hurons
Battle of Quebec:
Fought on the plains outside of Quebec
Both generals, Wolfe (British) and de Montcalm (French), died of mortal injuries
The deciding battle in the French and Indian War
Albany Congress of 1754:
Only seven states sent representatives (Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island)
Primary goal: to keep the Iroquois loyal to the British in the French and Indian War
Long-range goals: Bolster colonial defenses and Benjamin Franklin proposed colonial unity plan
The plan failed because the colonies thought it had too little independence and the British thought it gave too much

Chapter 7:
Theory of Mercantilism/Adam Smith:
A country’s economic wealth could be measured by amount of gold or silver in its treasury
To get gold and silver a country had to export more than it imported
Sugar Act 1764:
Increased duty on foreign sugar from West Indies
Later reduced from complaining Americans
Quartering Act 1765:
Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
Townshend Acts (from Charles Townshend)
Put light taxes on lead, paper, paint, and tea, which where later repealed, except tea
Committees of Correspondence:
Set up by the colonies to spread propaganda and keep rebellious moods rolling
Network of letter-writers and forerunner of continental congress
Started by Samuel Adams
Intolerable Act:
Made to punish Massachusetts; charter was revoked
Boston Port Act closed Boston Harbor
Town hall meeting were forbidden
Quebec Act guaranteed Catholicism to French Canadians
Samuel Adams:
Head of committee of correspondence
Rebel “ringleader”
Battles of Lexington and Concord:
In April 1775, British commander sent troops to nearby Lexington and Concord to seize supplies and capture Sam Adams and John Hancock
Minutemen fought back after some were killed and pushed the redcoats back
Olive Branch Petition:
Adopted by congress in July 1775
Professing American loyalty to crown and begging the king to prevent further hostilities
King George did not reconcile
George Greenville:
Honest and able Financier but noted for tact, ordered Navigation Laws to be enforced
Secured the Sugar Act of 1764
British Prime Minister from 1763-1765
Stamp Act of 1765:
The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.
Required on bills legal documents, cards, pamphlets, newspaper; direct tax
Provided money for British military in the colonies
Colonies were frustrated with admiral courts and taxed without representation
Declaratory Act of 1766:
Parliament repealed Stamp Act but passed Declaratory Act
Said the parliament still had right to tax
Boston Massacre:
On evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople were harassing 10 redcoats
Without orders but heavily provoked the troops opened fire and killed 11 innocent civilians
Crispus Attucks a former black slave was killed
Only 2 redcoats were prosecuted
Boson Tea Party:
In 1773 Brit. Eat India Tea Com. Had surplus of 17 million pounds of tea
Brit. Decided to sell it to Amer., they thought they were ricked into paying the tax
On Dec. 16,1773 some whites led by Samuel Adams disguised as Indians, open tea and dumped it into ocean
Quebec Act:
Guaranteed Catholicism to French Canadians; able to hold old customs and extended boundaries to Ohio River
Americans shocked and also banned from region by the Proclamation of 1763
The Association:
Document produced by Continental Congress in 1775 that called for complete boycott of British goods
Virtual Representation:
Every Parliament member represented all British subjects (so Americans were represented
Americans reject this
Navigation Acts:
Started in 1650 Said all goods must be shipped in colonial or English ships
All imports to colonies must be in colonial or English ships
In 1660 sugar and tobacco and cotton could only be exported to England from colonies
In 1663 all imports must go through England “Staple Act”

Chapter 8:

John Hancock:
Not mentioned in chapter 8 according to the glossary; in chapter 7 it’s mentioned that he made a fortune off of wholesale smuggling.
Bunker Hill:
May 1775- Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprised and captured British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in New York, which gave them gunpowder and artillery
June 1775- Colonists seized a hill called Bunker Hill or Breed’s Hill and attacked the Redcoats in Boston and won although they were outnumbered because they were strongly entrenched and were sharp shooting.
Following this Battle the king officially declared the colonies as in rebellion despite their desire to mend things with the king with the olive branch petition.
Results: Hopes of mending relationships over, Treason given status of a hanging crime, Hessians hired by Britain
Benedict Arnold:
One of the leaders in Bunker Hill, attack on Canada, defended against British General “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne and kept the British from recapturing Fort Ticonderoga
1780- Benedict Arnold turned traitor and plotted with the British to sell out the key stronghold of West Point, which commanded the Hudson River but his plot was detected in the nick of time
He did this due to the feeling that his valuable services were not fully appreciated
Thomas Paine:
Wrote Common Sense, which quickly became a best seller
Nowhere in the universe did a smaller heavenly body control a greater one, so why should tiny Britain control America?
The king is just “the Royal Brute of Great Britain”
Called for the creation of a republic, where the power flowed from the people instead of a corrupt despotic monarch
George III:
Declared the colonies as being in rebellion in August 1775
Persistent to keep the battle going when the British were loosing
Last King of America
Battle of Saratoga:
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne began to bog down north of Albany
Meanwhile, the Americans had driven back St. Leger’s force at Oriskany. Unable to retreat, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command of Saratoga to general Horatio Gates
Revived faltering colonial cause, gained French aid

Chief Joseph Brant:
Mohawk Indian chief
On the side of Britain, Anglican convert
Believed that if the British won they’d restrain American expansion into the west
Battle of Trenton:
Washington crossed the Delaware River on December 26 and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas celebration in Trenton. A week later, leaving his campfires burning as a ruse, he slipped away and defeated a smaller British detachment at Princeton
Ben Franklin:
Negotiated peace treaties with France
Wore normal clothes to a supposed-to-be proper French court, including a ordinary person’s fur cap instead of a wig
Battle of Yorktown:
Washington and American troops attacked Cornwallis at Yorktown while the French blockaded Yorktown from the sea
Completely cornered, the British were forced to surrender
Turning point battler for America
Treaty of Paris 1783:
British formally recognized the independence of the US
Granted US territory to the Mississippi, the Great Lakes, and to Spanish Florida
US couldn’t persecute loyalists, and congress was to recommend state legislatures to restore confiscated Loyalist property

Chapter 9:

Land Ordinance of 1785:
Land in the old northwest would be sold; proceeds to pay off national debt. Region split into townships.
Townships six miles square would be surveyed.
These in turn would again be divided into sections equaling one square mile.
Sections were to be sold in lots of 640 acres at no less than $1 an acre. The revenue from the sale of one section for each township would be used to develop public education.
Shay’s Rebellion (1786):
An armed band of farmers numbering in the hundreds and led by Daniel Shays, sought to shut down the courts as a form of protest and to prevent the continued foreclosure of their farms and the collection of taxes.
They met up with a large state militia force, but they still managed to close the courts; eventually, the rebellion was put down.
This was a sign that a stronger central government with the authority to suppress domestic disturbances was necessary.
Virginia Plan:
Large states, which favored a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, put forward this plan. It called for a lower house of Congress elected by the people, which in turn would elect members to an upper house.
Both houses would then elect a president, who served only one term.
A judiciary system would also be established.
This plan granted more power to the central government while maintain some features of the AOC.
New Jersey Plan:
The smaller states favored a unicameral legislature with each state receiving one vote, an executive with no veto power, and a judiciary that could arbitrate cases that had originated in state courts.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (a.k.a. Land Ordinance of 1787):
The Northwest Territory would be divided into 3-5 separate territories.
Once a territory reached 5000 it could be organized as a territory.
Residents would then elect members to a state legislature and send a delegate to Congress. Territories would become a state when it reached 60,000 people and a constitution would be written.
Connecticut Plan (a.k.a. Great Compromise):
This deals with representation in Congress. A state’s representation in the House of Representatives was to be based on population.
The states’ representation in the Senate would be equal (2 senators per state).
All money bills would originate in the House.
Direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population.
Federalists:
They were usually wealthy, educated, property owning men, who believed in a strong, centralized federal government, and supported the new Constitution. They included planters and merchants and were concentrated along the seaboard where they could use their political power to persuade congressmen to their position.
These people supported the ratification of the constitution.
Anti-Federalists:
Against the ratification of the constitution.
Believed in strong local governments.
People who were Anti-Federalists were usually poor debtors and small farmers.

The Federalists Papers:
This book was made up of 85 essays that were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John jay.
They were passed out as essays to support the ratification of the constitution.
Society of Cincinnati:
I asked Geiger about this one and she said it was most likely not going to be on the test.
The Society of the Cincinnati was founded in 1783 by officers of the revolutionary war to preserve friendships made in the war and to keep the memory of the revolutionary war.
Charles Beard’s an Economic interpretation of the constitution:
Written in 1913 by American historian Charles A. Beard. It argues that the structure of the Constitution of the United States was motivated primarily by the economic interests of the Founding Fathers.
More specifically, Beard contends that the Constitutional Convention was attended by, and the Constitution was therefore written by, a "cohesive" elite seeking to protect its property and economic standing. Beard painstakingly examined the occupations and property holdings of the members of the convention from tax and census records, contemporaneous news accounts, and biographical sources, demonstrating the degree to which each stood to benefit from various Constitutional provisions. Beard pointed out, for example, that George Washington was the wealthiest landowner in the country, and had provided significant funding towards the American Revolutionary War.
Beard traces the Constitutional guarantee that the newly formed nation would pay its debts to Washington's desire to have his costs refunded.

ESSAY: Articles of Confederation

America’s first constitution, drafted by John Dickenson, provided for a loose confederation or “firm league of friendship.” There was no executive or judicial branch.
Established a single-chamber national Congress elected by state legislatures. Each state had a single vote. Bills dealing with subjects of importance required the support of 9 states.
The congress was weak. It had no power to tax or regulate commerce.
The Articles established states’ rights and also provided for American independence, uniting all the colonies during the war.
Strengths: It protected against an oppressive central government, such as a monarchy or oligarchy, by placing power within the fragmented states.
Weaknesses: Amending the Articles was a difficult and tedious process, because the amendment would have to be accepted by each state in order to be passed.
In Philadelphia 80 soldiers marched Independence hall, where the congress was housed, to get their rights. This moved the government away from Philadelphia.
British didn’t leave because they had interests in the fur trade and improving relations with the Indians. This showed the congress was week.
Land Ordinance of 1785: It established that the settlement of a town would be six square miles and would contain land set aside for schools, setting for public school education
Northwest Ordinance, 1787: helped define steps for the formation and admission of states into the Union. It applied to the lands north of the Ohio River which had been established as the Northwest Territory.
Shays’ Rebellion: A group of Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shay protested after taxes. The high taxes, combined with the depression that hit after British markets were lost, forced the farmers to revolt.