Apa Method
TEXT CITATION
What to cite?
* facts, findings, theories, ideas taken from a source published or unpublished * direct quotations (e.g. key words, phrases, passages, quoted verbatim (word-for-word) * paraphrases and summaries * conclusions present using own word * articles and studies used in the text * some factual information
Why cite?
to give credit where credit is due because presenting the work of someone else as your own is plagiarism and carries horrific consequences.
How to cite?
* use the author-date system * give page numbers for verbatim quotations
Basic Forms of Text Citation
1. One author not mentioned in the text. * Put the name and date in parentheses following the reference material.
2. One author is mentioned in the text. * Author’s name included in the text needs not be repeated in the parenthetical citation, only the date is given.
3. Two authors. * Cite both names every time the reference occurs in your text. * When the names are in a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&) to separate them. * When the names are in the text, spell out and.
4. Three to five authors. * Cite all authors in the first reference; only the last name of the first author followed by et al. in the next mention.
5. Six or more authors. * Cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al.
6. Anonymous author. * Use anonymous as the author’s name only if the work is signed anonymous. * Handle it like a single-author citation: (Anonymous, 2003)
7. Groups as authors (e.g. publications by organizations, corporations, government agencies, and associations). * Give the full name of the organization in the first reference followed by the abbreviation in brackets, and use only the abbreviation in subsequent references.
8. Unknown Date. * Use the abbreviation n.d if no date for the source is
What to cite?
* facts, findings, theories, ideas taken from a source published or unpublished * direct quotations (e.g. key words, phrases, passages, quoted verbatim (word-for-word) * paraphrases and summaries * conclusions present using own word * articles and studies used in the text * some factual information
Why cite?
to give credit where credit is due because presenting the work of someone else as your own is plagiarism and carries horrific consequences.
How to cite?
* use the author-date system * give page numbers for verbatim quotations
Basic Forms of Text Citation
1. One author not mentioned in the text. * Put the name and date in parentheses following the reference material.
2. One author is mentioned in the text. * Author’s name included in the text needs not be repeated in the parenthetical citation, only the date is given.
3. Two authors. * Cite both names every time the reference occurs in your text. * When the names are in a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&) to separate them. * When the names are in the text, spell out and.
4. Three to five authors. * Cite all authors in the first reference; only the last name of the first author followed by et al. in the next mention.
5. Six or more authors. * Cite only the last name of the first author followed by et al.
6. Anonymous author. * Use anonymous as the author’s name only if the work is signed anonymous. * Handle it like a single-author citation: (Anonymous, 2003)
7. Groups as authors (e.g. publications by organizations, corporations, government agencies, and associations). * Give the full name of the organization in the first reference followed by the abbreviation in brackets, and use only the abbreviation in subsequent references.
8. Unknown Date. * Use the abbreviation n.d if no date for the source is