CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Concepts of UTILITY FOG 2.1 Structure 2.2 Working 2.3 Properties 3. Implementation 3.1 Self Reconfiguring Robots 3.2 Homogenous Self Reconfiguring Robots 3.3 Crystalline module concept 3.4 Design 3.5 Motion and Control 4. Applications 5. Problems 6. Conclusion References Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: The Idea of Utility fog was originally put forward by Edison in 1890. These tiny
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The organic topic to be discussed: n-Nitrosamines The organic molecule to be discussed: n-Nitrosodimethylamine‚ Nitrosopyrrolidine During these few decades‚ more nitrogen-based chemicals‚ like nitrites and secondary amines‚ were added to our food‚ which lead to be a suspect reason of increasing Alzheimer’s cases. The nitrogen-based chemicals can be transformed into toxic chemical‚ n-Nitrosamines‚ under acidic environment or high temperature while cooking. Scanlan RA states that the most
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three compounds. This method is also very similar to that of types one and two. The cation is named first again and the anion second with an -ide suffix. However‚ both words may have prefixes that tell how many atoms of that element are in one molecule of the specified compound. The only exception to this is that the cation never uses the prefix mono-. After that‚ the IUPAC system is used for naming polyatomic ions. Polyatomic ions are charged entities composed of several atoms bound together
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Chemical Bonds Chemical Bond: is the force that holds atoms together in a compound. They form because they lower the potential energy of the charged particles that compose atoms. Chemical bonds can be broadly classified into two types: Ionic and Covalent. Ionic: metal & nonmetal Metals have a tendency to lose electrons and nonmetals have a tendency to gain them. The metal atom becomes a cation and a nonmetal becomes an anion. The oppositely charged ions attract one another and form an ionic
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Atmospheric pressure: the random collisions between gas molecules & surfaces • Rapid evaporation: temp drops & water is evaporation • Solids have the least random molecular motion • Under the same conditions of pressure and temp a liquid differs from a gas because the molecules of the liquid take shape of the container they are in. • The phase change in which a solid becomes a liquid is known as the melting. Liquid to gas is evaporation. Gas to liquid is condensation. Liquid to
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(1) The most probable speed‚ the average speed‚ and the rms speed are vmax = v = vrms = 2kT m 8kT πm 3kT ‚ m (2) (3) (4) respectively. The difference between hydrogen molecules and electrons is their mass. The mass of a proton is about 2000 times larger than an electron. A hydrogen molecule has √ two protons‚ which means its m is about 60 times larger than an electron. So all corresponding velocities are about 60 times smaller. 1 2. Zhao & Luo‚ Problem 2-17 (page 128)
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These forces act in all directions in the lattice and this is called ionic bonding. g) When atoms share pairs of electrons‚ they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong. Some covalently bonded substances consist of simple molecules such as H2‚ Cl2‚ O2‚ HCl‚ H2O‚ NH3 and CH4. Others have giant covalent structures (macromolecules)‚ such as diamond and silicon dioxide. h) Metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The electrons in the highest
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basic fundamentals of chemistry. 3. Apply the fundamental principles of chemistry to chemistry-related engineering problems. 4. Apply the basic chemistry principles in conducting experiments. Synopsis Introduction to matter‚ measurement‚ atoms‚ molecules and ions; Aqueous reaction and stoichiometriy solutions and calculation; Electronic structure of atoms; Periodic properties of the elements; Basic concepts of chemical bonding‚ and intermolecular forces; Molecular Geometry; Gases‚ Liquids and Solids;
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Chapter 1 Cell Theory- in the 18th century‚ two scientists came up with the cell theory. Schleiden and Schwen. 3 corollaries of the cell theory: -all cells are alike in chemical composition -all cells store and process information in the same way -all cells arise from other cell through cell division 5 types of different Microscopes 1. Light Microscope- produces 2-D image Direct descendants of Hooks scope> take two lenses to a light source> used this to magnify images up to 1‚000 fold.
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mole (symbol Mol) is the base unit of quantity of a substance in the metric system. A mole is the quantity of a substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 units. A "unit" is the smallest measurable entity in the substance‚ generally either an atom or a molecule. The number of units in a mole was determined by Italian chemist (a scientist specializing in the composition‚ structure‚ properties‚ and reactions of matter) Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856)‚ one of the founders of modern physical chemistry. For this
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