WW Field Definition Historical Developments Theories Key Contributors Principal Issues Week 2 Epistemology The study of knowledge: What constitutes knowledge‚ the nature of knowledge‚ and whether knowledge is possible? Pre-Socratics observe and seek to define physical phenomena. Socrates studied human behavior and tried to determine the essential nature of knowledge. Aristotle sought to categorize his observations
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utilitarianism Average utilitarianism Negative utilitarianism animal welfare Abolitionism (bioethics) Hedonism Enlightened self-interest Predecessors[show] Epicurus David Hume William Godwin Key concepts[show] Pain Suffering Pleasure Utility Happiness Eudaimonia Consequentialism Felicific calculus Problems[show] Mere addition paradox Paradox of hedonism Utility monster See Also[show] Rational choice theory Game theory Social choice Economics Portal:Politics
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Catherine Bartlett Johnna Maiorella Humanities through the Arts April 24‚ 2013 The Pursuit of Happiness What is happiness? What is virtue? Although these two things are important to us‚ we probably have not put much though into why. Most people would agree that happiness is something everyone wants or a state of being. Virtues are part of our character and encompass such things as loyalty‚ courage‚ truth‚ and integrity and are also an essential part of who we are. When we congratulate
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Evans HUM 2210 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1 LISTS 1. Features that identify a society as "civilized" a. Agriculture (irrigation) and breeding of animals = surplus food (goats‚ peig‚ cattle‚ sheep). Wheat‚ barley‚ rice‚ and maize.(Sci&Tech- polish stone tools. Ex: stone sickles) b. Cities: large apartment settlements= standard architecture & surplus manpower c. Writing (“gifts of the gods”)= records. Pictograph‚ ideogram‚ cuneiform. d. Institutions
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consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is‚ consider the good of others as well as one’s own good. The Classical Utilitarians‚ Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill‚ identified the good with pleasure‚ so‚ like Epicurus‚ were hedonists about value. They also held that we ought to maximize the good‚ that is‚ bring about ‘the greatest amount of good for the greatest number’. Utilitarianism is also distinguished by impartiality and agent-neutrality. Everyone’s happiness
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maximize pleasure or happiness and minimize pain or evil. Utilitarianism is all about making the right choices that will consequently promote the greatest amount of happiness. It can be traced all the way back to the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus‚ but the name most frequently associated with utilitarianism is that of Jeremy Bentham. According to utilitarianism‚ we should evaluate an action by looking at is consequences‚ weighing the good effects against the bad effects on all the people
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at humans‚ how ethics should apply through and historical precedence? Movement from Greece to modernity asking about meta-ethics and naturalists fallacies. Kantian Formalist Virtue Ethics‚ Subjectivity‚ Egoism‚ Utilitarianism‚ Hedonism‚ Epicurus-ism‚ Stoicism ‚ Normative Morals‚ Detailed Morals‚ Relational Ethics‚ Applied Morals‚ Natural Law‚ Philosophy‚ Cultural Criticism‚ Individualize‚ Anarchism‚ Social‚ Mete-Ethics‚ Normative Ethics‚ Descriptive Ethics‚ Applied Ethics
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Critical reflection of Bentham and Mill’s utilitarianism in contrast to Kant’s idea of duty. First of all‚ there are three different types of happiness or pleasure‚ namely; hedonism which focuses on for the sake of pleasure‚ Epicureanism which was brought forward by Epicurus who stated that happiness is freedom from bodily pain and mental distress and lastly‚ utilitarianism which was originated from Bentham and later was explained further by Mill which will be explained further in this essay
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a good soul then one must maintain all four virtues including prudence‚ temperance‚ courage and justice.Aristippus who was a student of Socrates believed that we must seek external pleasures in order to be happy and not sad. He is the founder of hedonism which is a school of taught that argues that pleasure is the most important intrinsic good. Plato another famous student of Socrates said that the human soul consists of three parts: the reason‚ the will
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In “Letter to Menoeceus” by Epicurus‚ Epicurus sends out the message that the most pleasant sort of life is one in which there is happiness and pleasure. He argues that there is no time in which we are too young or too old to seek wisdom to change our lives for the better‚ and that “both old and young alike ought to seek wisdom” (Epicurus 11). A bit later in the letter‚ he tells Menoeceus to avoid fearing death because there is nothing that we as humans can do about it. He tells Menoeceus that “death
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