Exam Key
Chapter 11 - Sexuality
Multiple Choice
1. The text lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except:
A. adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge.
B. puberty brings on physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction.
C. cognitive changes in adolescence have a major impact on sexuality.
D. it is not until adolescence that sexual activity begins to take on the social meaning it will continue to have throughout adulthood.
Answer: A
2. Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:
A. children report erotic feelings before puberty.
B. the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence.
C. children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty.
D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.
Answer: D
3. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that adolescents face?
A. becoming comfortable with one’s maturing body
B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one’s religious beliefs
C. feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity
D. understanding and practicing safe sex
Answer: B
4. “Sexual socialization” refers to:
A. a person’s sexual orientation.
B. a person’s social skills in sexual relationships.
C. the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.
D. the degree to which an individual is comfortable with his or her sexuality.
Answer: C
5. On Steve’s 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a “man to man” talk about the “birds and the bees.” This process is called:
A. sociosexual preparation.
B. sexual socialization.
C. permissive communication.
D. human ecology.
Answer: B
6. According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except:
A. restrictive
B. progressive
C. semirestrictive
D. permissive
Answer: B
7. Ford and Beach found that sexual expressions varied widely from culture to culture. Their findings suggest that:
A. biology is the key to understanding adolescent sexuality.
B. adolescent sexuality may begin in biology but ends in culture.
C. sexuality cannot be fully understood cross-culturally.
D. adolescent sexuality is very uniform within cultures.
Answer: B
8. In the Mandingo tribe, boys and girls are separated until they have completed their religious instruction. This separation also occurs because sexual contact before marriage is strictly forbidden. According to Ford and Beach, this society would be characterized as:
A. semi-restrictive.
B. permissive.
C. prohibitive.
D. restrictive.
Answer: D
9. Molly and Lawrence were caught kissing in school and were sent to the principal’s office. He gave them each after-school detention (in separate rooms) and instructed them that this behavior was to cease immediately. However, when the principal saw Lawrence and Molly kissing at the mall on Saturday, he ignored their behavior. This type of attitude toward sexuality is consistent with which type of society?
A. semirestrictive
B. permissive
C. prohibitive
D. restrictive
Answer: A
10. In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:
A. are proponents of “free love.”
B. believe that being emotionally involved with one’s partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
C. believe that being legally married is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
D. accept sexual promiscuity as acceptable so long as the partners engage in safe sex practices.
Answer: B
11. Having a series of relationships in which one is always faithful to one’s partner is called:
A. serial monogamy.
B. cohabitation.
C. semirestrictive sexuality.
D. sexual socialization.
Answer: A
12. Marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. What is this pattern called?
A. abstinence
B. permissiveness
C. serial monogamy
D. semirestrictiveness
Answer: C
13. Autoerotic behavior during adolescence:
A. generally precedes sexual activities involving another person.
B. often involves fantasies about television or movie stars.
C. includes masturbation.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
14. When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:
A. nocturnal stimulation.
B. autoerotic.
C. sociosexual.
D. sensual stimulation.
Answer: B
15. While Nathan is sleeping, he ejaculates. This phenomenon is referred to as:
A. autoerotic emission.
B. nocturnal orgasm.
C. twilight discharge.
D. circadian rhythm.
Answer: B
16. Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?
A. masturbation; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse
B. necking; masturbation; petting; sexual intercourse
C. masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse
D. petting; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse
Answer: C
17. Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps?
A. Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent
B. Miranda, a Latina adolescent
C. Carrie, a Black adolescent
D. Torrie, a White adolescent
Answer: C
18. Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?
A. Anglo American adolescents
B. Hispanic adolescents
C. Asian American adolescents
D. Black adolescents
Answer: D
19. A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased:
A. push for autonomy from parents.
B. risk of pregnancy.
C. rate of adolescent marriages.
D. risk for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs.
Answer: B
20. Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity:
A. if they are assured of confidentiality, most adolescents give honest responses.
B. males tend to overstate their level of activity.
C. females tend to overstate their level of activity.
D. males and females both tend to understate their level of activity.
Answer: B
21. Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s:
A. adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse at an earlier age.
B. fewer adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse.
C. regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to generalize about an average age for sexual intercourse for American adolescents.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
22. According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.
A. later than
B. earlier than
C. at the same time as
D. earlier for boys but later for girls than
Answer: B
23. Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years:
A. has been slowly but steadily decreasing over the past decade.
B. is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.
C. is higher among adolescents in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
D. is higher for girls than for boys.
Answer: B
24. Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school?
A. 40%
B. 60%
C. 10%
D. 75%
Answer: A
25. Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age?
A. Laurence, a Black adolescent
B. Michael, an Asian American adolescent
C. Danny, a European American adolescent
D. Jesse, a Hispanic adolescent
Answer: A
26. Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. What race/ ethnicity is Ann likely to be?
A. Black
B. Asian American
C. Native American
D. White
Answer: B
27. As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age are likely to report that:
A. they were sexually curious.
B. they were in love with their partner.
C. their first sexual experience was involuntary.
D. their sex partner was approximately the same age.
Answer: C
28. ______ is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse.
A. January
B. March
C. September
D. December
Answer: D
29. The most common reasons that 14- to 15-year-olds give for abstaining from sex are:
A. fear of disease and fear of pregnancy.
B. parental and religious restrictions.
C. concerns about their reputation and parental disapproval.
D. negative attitudes about the physical aspects of sexual intercourse.
Answer: A
30. The greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse has been among which group?
A. males
B. females
C. minority males
D. females from higher socioeconomic backgrounds
Answer: B
31. Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except:
A. providing inadequate sex education.
B. beginning sex education too early.
C. limiting access to effective contraception.
D. not dealing with the issue directly.
Answer: B
32. Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances?
A. Jeannette
B. Tammy
C. Neither Tammy nor Jeannette, because they have made mature decisions.
D. Sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.
Answer: D
33. Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 13-year-old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other types of problems should they anticipate?
A. drug and alcohol problems
B. low interest in academics
C. tolerance of deviant behavior
D. All of the above
Answer: D
34. Boys’ initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls’ initial interest in sex is motivated by _______.
A) testosterone; estrogen
B) androgen; estrogen
C) androgen; androgens and estrogen
D) estrogen; testosterone
Answer: C
35. Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity?
A. It takes place in the boy’s home on a weekday after school.
B. It takes place in the back of the boy’s car on a weekend evening.
C. It takes place in the girl’s home on a weekend evening.
D. It takes place at a friend’s home on a weekday after school.
Answer: A
36. In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of adolescent sexual activity?
A. insisting that adolescents come home right after school
B. having adolescents participate in after-school programs
C. having their fathers talk to them about the dangers of sexual involvement
D. providing them with books on the risks of sexual involvement
Answer: B
37. Of particular importance in determining the increased sexual responses of males and females are levels of:
A. progesterone.
B. estrogen.
C. ACTH.
D. androgens.
Answer: D
38. For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
A. increased levels of androgens
B. availability of birth control
C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
D. receiving sex education in school
Answer: A
39. For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
A. increased levels of androgens
B. availability of birth control
C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
D. receiving sex education in school
Answer: C
40. Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except:
A. although parents may indicate that they talked to their adolescents about a topic, such as sexually transmitted diseases, their adolescents are likely to say they have not.
B. parents believe that if they express their disapproval of sexual activity, their adolescents will not be sexually active.
C. parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents’ likelihood of being sexually active.
D. parent-adolescent communication about contraception lowers the rate of risky sex.
Answer: C
41. Generalizing from the text, if Nicky’s parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex?
A. her mother
B. her father
C. Both of her parents should talk to her at the same time.
D. Neither of her parents should talk to her about sex.
Answer: A
42. Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?
A. the adolescent’s opportunity to have sex
B. parent-adolescent communication
C. having sexually active friends
D. use of alcohol and other drugs
Answer: B
43. What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?
A. household composition
B. mother’s employment
C. number of siblings
D. parenting styles
Answer: A
44. According to the text, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home?
A. Ingrid
B. Leanne
C. Ingrid, but only immediately following her parents’ divorce.
D. Both girls are equally likely to be sexually active.
Answer: A
45. Which of the following is least likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects girls’ sexual behavior more than boys’ sexual behavior?
A. Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls’ sexual activities.
B. Single mothers may be dating, thereby inadvertently acting as role models of sexual activity for their adolescent daughters.
C. Girls are more likely than boys to look outside the family for warmth and support.
D. There may be a genetic link inherited from the girls’ fathers that increases daughters’ sexual behavior.
Answer: A
46. An analysis of “virginity pledges” that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:
A. pledging works equally well for adolescents of all ages.
B. pledging has little effect in schools in which few students take the pledge.
C. pledging works well in schools in which nearly everyone takes the pledge.
D. pledging has little effect on all adolescents’ sexual activity.
Answer: B
47. The sexual ______ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual _____ of males and females is quite different.
A. behavior; socialization
B. socialization; behavior
C. attitudes; experiences
D. experiences; attitudes
Answer: A
48. According to research by Small & Luster, which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?
A. Chelsea, an adolescent that lives in a low SES/disadvantaged neighborhood
B. Ryan, an adolescent that has many antisocial peers
C. Frank, an adolescent that has completely disengaged from school
D. The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.
Answer: D
49. Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except:
A. lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.
B. as the number of risk factors increases, the percentage of sexually experienced adolescents increases.
C. the same risk factors that predict sexual activity for whites also predict sexual activity among ethnic minority adolescents.
D. efforts aimed at predicting adolescent sexual activity must focus on more than one risk factor.
Answer: A
50. Which of the following statements about boys’ first sexual experience is false?
A. A boy’s first sexual experience is usually through masturbation.
B. Boys typically view sex as recreation.
C. A boy’s first sexual partner is likely to be someone he’s in love with.
D. Boys are more likely than girls to keep sex and intimacy separate.
Answer: C
51. Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________.
A. intimacy; recreation
B. recreation; intimacy
C. enjoyment; guilt
D. guilt; enjoyment
Answer: B
52. Amy, a 15-year-old, lost her virginity to her boyfriend last night. Which of the following is Amy least likely to say?
A. “I’m in love!”
B. “I’m so worried—what if I’m pregnant!”
C. “I’m so glad I’m no longer a virgin!”
D. “I’m so excited!”
Answer: C
53. Generalizing from the text, Marge is most likely to have her first sexual encounter with a:
A. younger partner.
B. classmate.
C. casual acquaintance.
D. steady boyfriend.
Answer: D
54. Michael and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say?
A. “Tom is probably homosexual.”
B. “Tom has been sexually abused.”
C. “Same-sex play among young adolescents is common.”
D. “Tom needs to get counseling for this unusual behavior.”
Answer: C
55. Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false?
A. Males are more likely than females to engage in same-sex activity during adolescence.
B. Approximately 2 to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
C. Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
D. The majority of gay, lesbian, or bisexual adults engaged in heterosexual activity during adolescence.
Answer: C
56. Todd would rather date men than women. This refers to Todd’s:
A. gender identity.
B. sexual orientation.
C. sex-role behavior.
D. homophobia.
Answer: B
57. Bill is a very feminine man. Based on this sex-role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably:
A. homosexual.
B. heterosexual.
C. bisexual.
D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.
Answer: D
58. Because Andrea is a lesbian, she is more likely to exhibit what types of behaviors?
A. feminine behaviors
B. masculine behaviors
C. androgynous behaviors
D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.
Answer: D
59. Amy is a “straight” 16-year-old adolescent. Kelly, also 16, has discovered that she has homosexual interests. Which girl is most confused about her gender identity because of her sexual orientation?
A. Amy
B. Kelly
C. Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation.
D. Neither Amy nor Kelly will be confused about their gender, because they understand their sexual orientations.
Answer: C
60. Studies suggest which of the following are antecedents of homosexuality?
A. biological factors
B. social factors
C. the interaction between biological and social factors
D. All of the above
Answer: D
61. Which adults are most likely to describe their fathers as distant and rejecting?
A) heterosexual males
B) heterosexual females
C) both gay and lesbian adults
D) lesbians
Answer: C
62. Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:
A. a girl plays hard to get with her boyfriend.
B. there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.
C. a stranger attacks and sexually assaults a teenager.
D. the teen’s parents utilize an authoritarian style of parenting.
Answer: B
63. Professor Snapes is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. He is likely to learn all of the following, except:
A. sexual harassment is widespread within American public schools.
B. a significant number of adolescents report having been sexually harassed by their teachers.
C. school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment have had long-term success.
D. the majority of adolescents who have been sexually harassed had themselves harassed others.
Answer: C
64. Which of the following statements about sexual abuse during adolescence is false?
A. Histories of individuals who commit dating violence suggest the perpetrators are likely to have been exposed to physical punishment and abuse at home.
B. Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected.
C. Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor.
D. Both perpetrators and victims of sexual assaults are often reluctant to admit the assault occurred.
Answer: B
65. Which is not a risk factor for sexual abuse?
A. living apart from one’s parents
B. living in a major city
C. being raised in poverty
D. having parents who abuse alcohol or other drugs
Answer: B
66. Fourteen-year-old Sarah began “acting out” behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah’s teacher suspects that Sarah is:
A. pregnant.
B. fighting with her boyfriend.
C. a victim of sexual abuse.
D. questioning her sexual orientation.
Answer: C
67. Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her piano teacher. What type of problem is Suzanne’s daughter most likely to face?
A. dissociative disorders
B. suicide
C. academic difficulties
D. infertility
Answer: C
68. What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents?
A. condoms
B. birth control pills
C. withdrawal
D. the rhythm method
Answer: A
69. Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except:
A. using contraception would indicate that they are planfully and willingly sexually active.
B. they unconsciously desire to become pregnant.
C. contraceptives may be difficult for them to obtain.
D. their egocentric thinking leads them to believe that they are immune from getting pregnant or contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer: B
70. The best predictor of contraceptive use is:
A. age.
B. IQ.
C. race.
D. socioeconomic status.
Answer: A
71. Which of the following sexually active adolescents is most likely to use contraception?
A. Sara, a 15-year-old
B. Leonardo, a 16-year-old
C. Chloe, a 17-year-old
D. Thomas, an 18-year-old
Answer: D
72. Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception effectively while engaging in sex?
A. Vanessa, who feels guilty about having sex with her boyfriend
B. Lynn, who belongs to a conservative religious faith
C. Vesta, who had previously pledged to remain a virgin
D. Tasha, who is sexually active and relatively conventional
Answer: D
73. The text suggests all of the following as ways to increase use of contraceptives among adolescents, except:
A. ensure the availability of contraceptive devices to adolescents.
B. offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active.
C. ensure open lines of communication so adolescents feel free to talk to adults about their sexual issues and concerns.
D. portray sex in the media more responsibly, showing contraception use along with sexual activity.
Answer: B
74. Sexual activity in the United States is _____ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is _____.
A. higher than; higher
B. lower than; the same
C. comparable; the same
D. comparable; higher
Answer: D
75. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?
A. gonorrhea
B. herpes
C. chlamydia
D. syphilis
Answer: B
76. Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus.
A. chlamydia and herpes; gonorrhea and human papilloma virus
B. gonorrhea and herpes; chlamydia and human papilloma virus
C. human papilloma virus and gonorrhea; chlamydia and herpes
D. gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus
Answer: D
77. AIDS is transmitted through:
A. casual contact.
B. bodily fluids.
C. kissing.
D. mosquito bites.
Answer: B
78. What is not a risk factor for contracting HIV?
A. using drugs
B. having unprotected sex
C. having many sexual partners
D. being male
Answer: D
79. Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is:
A. effective condom use during sex.
B. use of withdrawal.
C. use of the rhythm method.
D. taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.
Answer: A
80. Recent research on promoting safe-sex behaviors among adolescents has suggested all of the following, except:
A. it is more effective to focus on adolescents’ motives and social relationships, rather than their knowledge about safe sex.
B. adolescents are often unaware that their partners may be having sex with others as well.
C. being aware of the risk of STDs is sufficient to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents.
D. it may be important to use different strategies for sexually active and inexperienced adolescents.
Answer: C
81. What percentage of adolescents who become pregnant get an abortion?
A. fewer than 2%
B. 15%
C. 33%
D. 70%
Answer: C
82. The birth rate among adolescent women today is _____ in previous eras.
A. impossible to compare to what it was
B. lower than
C. higher than
D. the same as it was
Answer: B
83. Which country has the highest rate of teen pregnancy?
A. Sweden
B. the United States
C. England
D. Israel
Answer: B
84. Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is:
A. in the top third of all industrialized countries.
B. in the bottom third of all industrialized countries.
C. the highest in the world among industrialized countries.
D. average as compared to other industrialized countries.
Answer: C
85. According to the textbook, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated with:
A. income equality and educational attainment
B. average income and educational attainment
C. the amount of independence a culture allows adolescents to have
D. the influence of the mass media
Answer: A
86. Who is the least likely adolescent to bear her first child while married?
A. Maria, a Mexican American
B. Alisha, a Black adolescent
C. Francine, an Asian American
D. Sylvia, a White American
Answer: B
87. Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby?
A. It will increase.
B. It will increase only if Marie is already sexually active.
C. It will be unaffected.
D. It will decrease.
Answer: A
88. Who is the most likely, after becoming pregnant, to have an abortion?
A. Jamie, a European-American female living in the suburbs
B. Kimberly, a European-American female who dropped out of high school
C. Dotty, an Black female who dropped out of high school
D. Tara, an Black female living in poverty
Answer: A
89. Which of the following statements about abortion and teen pregnancy is not true? A. There are no differences between pregnant teenagers who do and do not seek abortion B. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are academically successfully and ambitious C. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are more inclined to seek psychological counseling than young women who do not abort their pregnancy D. Young women who terminate their pregnancy by abortion are less likely over the next two years to experience a subsequent pregnancy and more likely to practice contraception than those who do not abort their pregnancy.
Answer: A
90. Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception?
A. Nancy, who had an abortion a year ago
B. Geraldine, who had a baby a year ago
C. Annie, who is not doing well in school
D. Melanie, who lives in a state that requires parental notification for abortions
Answer: A
91. Greg, a 17-year-old, has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. If he is typical of other males who impregnate adolescent women, we would expect him to have all of the following problems, except:
A. low self-esteem.
B. school or work problems.
C. physical ailments.
D. problems with alcohol and other drugs.
Answer: C
92. Nancy, a 13-year-old, has recently become pregnant. Statistically, who is most likely the father of her child?
A. Anthony, a 10-year-old
B. Zack, a 13-year-old
C. Daryl, a 16-year-old
D. Clarence, a 20-year-old
Answer: C
93. Research on teenage mothers indicates that:
A. their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood.
B. most of them unconsciously “wanted” to have a baby.
C. within 2 to 3 years, their lives are similar to those of their peers who did not bear a child.
D. they are better off psychologically than teenagers who had aborted their pregnancy.
Answer: A
94. The adverse outcomes of being born to an adolescent mother are generally a result of all of the following, except:
A. characteristics of the mother.
B. characteristics of the mother’s family environment.
C. the immature reproductive system of an adolescent mother.
D. prenatal malnutrition.
Answer: C
95. According to research cited in the text, all of the following are reasons that some sex education programs fail, except:
A. when they are introduced into the curriculum too late (after adolescents are already sexually active).
B. when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students.
C. when they focus primarily on changing students’ knowledge rather than their behavior.
D. when they emphasize abstinence-only sex education
Answer: B
96. Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.
A. encouraging sexual abstinence
B. a comprehensive sex education
C. family planning services
D. having the unwed mother marry her baby’s father
Answer: B
97. Kate is a Black teen mom and has decided to move back to her parents’ home. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Kate is likely to stay in school
B. living with parents might actually undermine the development of Kate’s parenting skills and increase her likelihood of getting pregnant again
C. It would be best if Kate lived with her parents for an extended period
D. Problems in the relationship between Kate and her mother can adversely affect Kate’s mental health
Answer: C
98. According to the textbook, which of the following is not something that policymakers have called for to ensure young mothers have an adequate income and the chance for adequate employment?
A. adaptations in school schedules and the development of school-based child-care centers
B. the expansion of subsidized child-care for young mothers who are out of school C. the expansion of family planning services to adolescent mothers D. laws that ensure companies cannot discriminate against teen mothers
Answer: D
99. According to the textbook, evaluations of programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ access to adequate income and employment have found that: A. while enhancing teen mothers’ employability has not been successful, decreasing their reliance on welfare has been hugely successful B. both decreasing teen mothers’ reliance on welfare and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been successful C. programs aimed at preventing future pregnancies have been successful, but programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ employability have been largely disappointing D. programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ employability and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been largely disappointing.
Answer: D
100. The comprehensive sex education discussed in the textbook has all of the following elements except: A. must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex B. must increase adolescents’ motivation to engage in safe sex C. must change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes D. must reduce adolescents’ likelihood of having sex
Answer: D
101. Evaluations of school-based clinics have found that: A. they increase adolescents’ use of contraception B. they appear to increase adolescents’ sexual activity C. they do no appear to increase sexual activity D. they are largely effective, especially among White and Hispanic youths.
Answer: C
Essay
102. Adolescents’ stance on premarital intercourse has changed over the past three decades. Describe the ways in which these attitudes have changed and explain why this may have happened.
Answer: Overall, the percentage of adolescents in America who were engaging in premarital sex increased during the 1970s, the 1980s, and then declined slightly between 1995 and 2001. This decline in premarital sexual intercourse, interestingly, was not mirrored by a decline in the proportion of adolescents engaging in other kinds of sex, suggesting that the threat of AIDS and STDs has led sexually active adolescents to substitute safer forms of sex (e.g., oral sex) for intercourse. The median age at which adolescents first engage in intercourse has declined since the early 1970s, with females especially exhibiting the greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse. Not only are more adolescents from all groups engaging in premarital sex, but they start younger, and more young females are engaging in sex than ever before. Although these trends may concern parents, they should take comfort in the fact that most high school students are not promiscuous, and that adolescent sexual experiences are usually accompanied by affection and emotional involvement with the partner.
Key Points
a) Premarital intercourse increased over the 1970s and 1980s, and declined slightly in recent years. This decline not matched by a decline in all sexual activity, however, suggesting a shift to safer sexual practices.
b) The median age at which adolescents first engage in intercourse has declined over the past 30 years, and females have demonstrated the greatest increases in levels of premarital intercourse.
c) Parents should take comfort in knowledge that sexual experiences during adolescence are typically positive and monogamous.
103. Michelle, a 16-year-old adolescent, is the only one in her circle of friends who has not yet had sex. She is beginning to feel pressure to have sex. Discuss two ways that her friends are influencing her attitude toward sex.
Answer: Adolescents often influence each other’s sexual attitudes just as they influence each other’s tastes and behaviors. Michelle is probably feeling pressured to become sexually experienced like her friends because of two reasons. First, because all of her close friends have experienced intercourse, they have established a normative standard that having sex is acceptable. Therefore, if and when Michelle does decide to have sex, she knows that she will have a group of friends who will support and condone her decision. Second, Michelle’s friends are probably directly influencing her sexual attitudes through direct communication among friends, or through conversations she has had with potential sexual partners. Peers often engage in lengthy conversations about sexual experiences and Michelle might feel like she stands out, or her friends might directly point out that she is at a different place than the others.
Key Points
a) When an adolescent’s peers are sexually active, they establish a normative standard that having sex is acceptable.
b) Peers influence each other’s sexual behavior directly through communication.
104. You have been asked to talk to a group of educators about sex education programs, describing what does and what does not work. In your discussion, they’ve asked you to address “virginity pledges” and to include a discussion of the major features of a good sex education program.
Answer: Sex education programs in general have had little effect on sexual activity, but they have had small effects on use of contraceptives (thus, they have the greatest impact on risky sexual practices as opposed to stopping adolescents from engaging in them at all). Many experts believe that early sex education programs failed because they are initiated into the curriculum too late (after adolescents have already become sexually active) and their focus is on changing students’ knowledge rather than their behavior, resulting in no direct effect on patterns of sexual activity or contraceptive use. In addition to knowledge about contraceptive use, adolescents have to be motivated to use contraception. Moreover, evaluations of school-based clinics, which make contraceptive services more accessible to adolescents, do not appear to increase sexual activity (a concern of parents), but neither do they increase contraceptive use. Furthermore, evaluations of abstinence-only sex programs have consistently found that programs that only emphasize abstinence are not successful in changing adolescents’ sexual behavior or reducing rates of pregnancy or STDs. In a similar vein, recent analyses of “virginity pledges” (adolescents promise to abstain from sex until they are married) have found the pledges to be more effective for younger adolescents, but they have no effect among older high school students. Ironically, they have little effect both in schools where few students take the pledges, but also in schools where nearly everyone pledges, presumably because the pledge is meant to be a statement of one’s values and if everyone in the school holds the same values, the pledge-taker is not set apart by it. Additionally, adolescents who take the pledge and then engage in sexual intercourse are less likely to use condoms than their peers who did not take the pledge, because they may feel guilty about breaking the pledge and are unwilling to engage in planning behaviors like buying condoms ahead of time.
The most effective sex education program would be a comprehensive sex education. This approach does more than simply providing youths with information about contraception, STDs, and pregnancy. It also strives to teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex, increase adolescents’ motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes.
Key Points
a) Sex education programs have had little effect on sexual activity and a small effect on contraceptive use.
b) Reasons for failure include initiation after teens are already sexually active, focusing on changing knowledge not behavior, and emphasizing abstinence.
c) “Virginity pledges” may affect the sexual activity of younger but not older adolescents, but have limitations concerning the contexts in which they may be effective.
d) Comprehensive sex education programs are the most effective ways to increase safe sex practices among adolescents.
105. Provide three reasons, discussed in your text, that growing up in a single-parent home affects girls’ sexual behavior more than boys.
Answer: Social influences on girls’ sexual behavior are in general stronger and more varied than are the influences on boys’ behavior. Boys’ parents may not attempt to exert great control over their sexual activity, regardless of whether the household has one parent or two. A second reason is that single-parent mothers are more likely to be dating than married mothers, and may inadvertently be role models of sexual activity for their adolescents. To the extent that this modeling effect is stronger between parents and children of the same sex, we would expect to find a more powerful effect of growing up in a single-mother home on the sexual behavior of daughters than sons. A third reason is that girls are more likely than boys to respond to problems at home by turning outside the family for alternative sources of warmth and support.
Key Points
a) The social influences on girls’ sexual behavior are stronger and more varied than boys.
b) Single-parent mothers are more likely to be dating than married mothers, and therefore may inadvertently be role models of sexual activity.
c) Girls are more likely than boys to respond to problems at home by turning outside the family for support.
106. You have been asked to address a group of parents about how they can talk to their adolescents about sexual behavior. The two major concerns are pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They want to know how they can best protect their teens. What can you tell them?
Answer: The good news is that an authoritative parenting style of warmth, involvement in the adolescent’s life, and monitoring an adolescent’s behavior forestalls early sexual activity and makes adolescents less likely to engage in risky behaviors. In that regard, adolescents are more likely to learn about sex when the communication is interactive rather than dominated by the parents. Modeling the type of behavior that parents want, communicating attitudes and values when discussing sex, and discussing sexual topics often reduce the impact of peer influence. Conversely, parent-adolescent conflict is associated with early sexual activity. Research suggests, too, that teens are more likely to talk to their mothers about sex than to their fathers. Specific studies addressing the effect of parent-adolescent communication exhibit many communication discrepancies. For one thing, parents may believe they have spoken to their adolescents about a particular topic, such as pregnancy or AIDS, whereas the adolescent is likely to deny such a conversation took place. Also, parents underestimate their teens’ sexual activity and assume that if they disapprove of sexual behavior their teen will refrain. Unfortunately, the research suggests that these discussions may affect teens’ risky sex behaviors but not how sexually active they are.
Key Points
a) Authoritative parenting is likely to reduce risky sex and result in later engagement with sexual activity.
b) Parent-adolescent conflict is associated with early sexual activity.
c) Adolescents are more likely to talk to their mothers than to their fathers about sex.
d) Parents may believe they spoke to their adolescents about specific topics and their adolescents are likely to say these conversations did not take place.
e) Parent-adolescent communication may reduce the occurrence of risky sex behaviors but is not likely to reduce sexual activity.
107. Pretend you are talking to your virgin 16-year old self (or another 16-year old that is thinking about having sex for the first time). Your 16-year old self wants to know if sexuality is normal, when(if) he/she is ready to engage in sexual behaviors, and what the potential risks are. Be sure to tell the 16-year old everything you wish you would have known about sex when you were younger.
Answer: First of all, while many adults have an ambivalent attitude toward adolescent sexuality, sex after age 16 is part of the normative process of adolescent development. Additionally, sex is not entirely new during adolescence. It is highly likely that you were curious about your sex organs when you were a young child, and you may have even derived pleasure from genital stimulation at a young age. Nonetheless, because of the biological, cognitive, and social changes of adolescence, sexuality becomes extremely salient (and normal!) during the second decade of life. The physical and hormonal changes of puberty increase sex drive, change the adolescent’s appearance, and permit reproduction. The fact that pregnancy is possible after puberty changes the entire dynamic of sexuality. Now that you can become pregnant (or get a girl pregnant), certain precautions need to be taken. Teen pregnancy is a serious issue. Being a teen mom can be detrimental to the child as well as the teen mother.
You should also know that if you are curious about sexuality, but are not ready for full vaginal intercourse, there are other behaviors you can engage in (e.g., necking, petting) that can help you explore your sexuality. Additionally, many adolescents’ first sexual experience falls into the category of autoerotic behavior (e.g., masturbation) and this is completely normal.
Before you are ready for sexual intercourse, you need to make sure you are comfortable with your changing (maturing) body, accept having feelings of sexual arousal as normal and appropriate, understand that sex is voluntary, and understand how to engage in safe sex. You need to know that sexual harassment and date rape are serious issues, and that a significant minority of adolescents are forced to have sex against their will. Know how to say no! It is also important for you to know that many adolescents have involuntary sex when they are under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
Every time you have sex, you should use a condom (regardless of whether you are taking a birth control pill) to prevent against STDs. You also need to make sure to use the condom correctly (e.g., put the condom on before first entry and hold onto the condom while withdrawing). Also, you should know that the withdrawal and rhythm method are entirely ineffective. Moreover, communication with your partner about contraceptive use is extremely important. Don’t be embarrassed to shop for contraceptives—doing so actually demonstrates that you are planning ahead and trying to be responsible! Finally, always be prepared. Many adolescents fail to use appropriate contraception because they don’t anticipate having sex.
Key Points
a) Sexual desires and behaviors are normal during adolescence
b) Ensure that you satisfy the four stages of positive sexual development
c) Know other types of sexual behaviors besides vaginal intercourse
d) Understand that sexual harassment, teen pregnancy, and STDs are serious issues that adolescents must deal with
Multiple Choice
1. The text lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except:
A. adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge.
B. puberty brings on physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction.
C. cognitive changes in adolescence have a major impact on sexuality.
D. it is not until adolescence that sexual activity begins to take on the social meaning it will continue to have throughout adulthood.
Answer: A
2. Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:
A. children report erotic feelings before puberty.
B. the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence.
C. children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty.
D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.
Answer: D
3. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that adolescents face?
A. becoming comfortable with one’s maturing body
B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one’s religious beliefs
C. feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity
D. understanding and practicing safe sex
Answer: B
4. “Sexual socialization” refers to:
A. a person’s sexual orientation.
B. a person’s social skills in sexual relationships.
C. the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.
D. the degree to which an individual is comfortable with his or her sexuality.
Answer: C
5. On Steve’s 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a “man to man” talk about the “birds and the bees.” This process is called:
A. sociosexual preparation.
B. sexual socialization.
C. permissive communication.
D. human ecology.
Answer: B
6. According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except:
A. restrictive
B. progressive
C. semirestrictive
D. permissive
Answer: B
7. Ford and Beach found that sexual expressions varied widely from culture to culture. Their findings suggest that:
A. biology is the key to understanding adolescent sexuality.
B. adolescent sexuality may begin in biology but ends in culture.
C. sexuality cannot be fully understood cross-culturally.
D. adolescent sexuality is very uniform within cultures.
Answer: B
8. In the Mandingo tribe, boys and girls are separated until they have completed their religious instruction. This separation also occurs because sexual contact before marriage is strictly forbidden. According to Ford and Beach, this society would be characterized as:
A. semi-restrictive.
B. permissive.
C. prohibitive.
D. restrictive.
Answer: D
9. Molly and Lawrence were caught kissing in school and were sent to the principal’s office. He gave them each after-school detention (in separate rooms) and instructed them that this behavior was to cease immediately. However, when the principal saw Lawrence and Molly kissing at the mall on Saturday, he ignored their behavior. This type of attitude toward sexuality is consistent with which type of society?
A. semirestrictive
B. permissive
C. prohibitive
D. restrictive
Answer: A
10. In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:
A. are proponents of “free love.”
B. believe that being emotionally involved with one’s partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
C. believe that being legally married is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.
D. accept sexual promiscuity as acceptable so long as the partners engage in safe sex practices.
Answer: B
11. Having a series of relationships in which one is always faithful to one’s partner is called:
A. serial monogamy.
B. cohabitation.
C. semirestrictive sexuality.
D. sexual socialization.
Answer: A
12. Marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. What is this pattern called?
A. abstinence
B. permissiveness
C. serial monogamy
D. semirestrictiveness
Answer: C
13. Autoerotic behavior during adolescence:
A. generally precedes sexual activities involving another person.
B. often involves fantasies about television or movie stars.
C. includes masturbation.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
14. When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:
A. nocturnal stimulation.
B. autoerotic.
C. sociosexual.
D. sensual stimulation.
Answer: B
15. While Nathan is sleeping, he ejaculates. This phenomenon is referred to as:
A. autoerotic emission.
B. nocturnal orgasm.
C. twilight discharge.
D. circadian rhythm.
Answer: B
16. Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?
A. masturbation; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse
B. necking; masturbation; petting; sexual intercourse
C. masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse
D. petting; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse
Answer: C
17. Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps?
A. Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent
B. Miranda, a Latina adolescent
C. Carrie, a Black adolescent
D. Torrie, a White adolescent
Answer: C
18. Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?
A. Anglo American adolescents
B. Hispanic adolescents
C. Asian American adolescents
D. Black adolescents
Answer: D
19. A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased:
A. push for autonomy from parents.
B. risk of pregnancy.
C. rate of adolescent marriages.
D. risk for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs.
Answer: B
20. Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity:
A. if they are assured of confidentiality, most adolescents give honest responses.
B. males tend to overstate their level of activity.
C. females tend to overstate their level of activity.
D. males and females both tend to understate their level of activity.
Answer: B
21. Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s:
A. adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse at an earlier age.
B. fewer adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse.
C. regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to generalize about an average age for sexual intercourse for American adolescents.
D. All of the above
Answer: D
22. According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.
A. later than
B. earlier than
C. at the same time as
D. earlier for boys but later for girls than
Answer: B
23. Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years:
A. has been slowly but steadily decreasing over the past decade.
B. is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.
C. is higher among adolescents in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
D. is higher for girls than for boys.
Answer: B
24. Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school?
A. 40%
B. 60%
C. 10%
D. 75%
Answer: A
25. Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age?
A. Laurence, a Black adolescent
B. Michael, an Asian American adolescent
C. Danny, a European American adolescent
D. Jesse, a Hispanic adolescent
Answer: A
26. Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. What race/ ethnicity is Ann likely to be?
A. Black
B. Asian American
C. Native American
D. White
Answer: B
27. As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age are likely to report that:
A. they were sexually curious.
B. they were in love with their partner.
C. their first sexual experience was involuntary.
D. their sex partner was approximately the same age.
Answer: C
28. ______ is the peak month for adolescents in a serious relationship to have their first intercourse.
A. January
B. March
C. September
D. December
Answer: D
29. The most common reasons that 14- to 15-year-olds give for abstaining from sex are:
A. fear of disease and fear of pregnancy.
B. parental and religious restrictions.
C. concerns about their reputation and parental disapproval.
D. negative attitudes about the physical aspects of sexual intercourse.
Answer: A
30. The greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse has been among which group?
A. males
B. females
C. minority males
D. females from higher socioeconomic backgrounds
Answer: B
31. Experts who accept that sex is part of life for the average American teenager believe that all of the following create difficulties for our society, except:
A. providing inadequate sex education.
B. beginning sex education too early.
C. limiting access to effective contraception.
D. not dealing with the issue directly.
Answer: B
32. Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances?
A. Jeannette
B. Tammy
C. Neither Tammy nor Jeannette, because they have made mature decisions.
D. Sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.
Answer: D
33. Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 13-year-old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other types of problems should they anticipate?
A. drug and alcohol problems
B. low interest in academics
C. tolerance of deviant behavior
D. All of the above
Answer: D
34. Boys’ initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls’ initial interest in sex is motivated by _______.
A) testosterone; estrogen
B) androgen; estrogen
C) androgen; androgens and estrogen
D) estrogen; testosterone
Answer: C
35. Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity?
A. It takes place in the boy’s home on a weekday after school.
B. It takes place in the back of the boy’s car on a weekend evening.
C. It takes place in the girl’s home on a weekend evening.
D. It takes place at a friend’s home on a weekday after school.
Answer: A
36. In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of adolescent sexual activity?
A. insisting that adolescents come home right after school
B. having adolescents participate in after-school programs
C. having their fathers talk to them about the dangers of sexual involvement
D. providing them with books on the risks of sexual involvement
Answer: B
37. Of particular importance in determining the increased sexual responses of males and females are levels of:
A. progesterone.
B. estrogen.
C. ACTH.
D. androgens.
Answer: D
38. For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
A. increased levels of androgens
B. availability of birth control
C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
D. receiving sex education in school
Answer: A
39. For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?
A. increased levels of androgens
B. availability of birth control
C. the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity
D. receiving sex education in school
Answer: C
40. Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found all of the following, except:
A. although parents may indicate that they talked to their adolescents about a topic, such as sexually transmitted diseases, their adolescents are likely to say they have not.
B. parents believe that if they express their disapproval of sexual activity, their adolescents will not be sexually active.
C. parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents’ likelihood of being sexually active.
D. parent-adolescent communication about contraception lowers the rate of risky sex.
Answer: C
41. Generalizing from the text, if Nicky’s parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex?
A. her mother
B. her father
C. Both of her parents should talk to her at the same time.
D. Neither of her parents should talk to her about sex.
Answer: A
42. Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?
A. the adolescent’s opportunity to have sex
B. parent-adolescent communication
C. having sexually active friends
D. use of alcohol and other drugs
Answer: B
43. What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?
A. household composition
B. mother’s employment
C. number of siblings
D. parenting styles
Answer: A
44. According to the text, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home?
A. Ingrid
B. Leanne
C. Ingrid, but only immediately following her parents’ divorce.
D. Both girls are equally likely to be sexually active.
Answer: A
45. Which of the following is least likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects girls’ sexual behavior more than boys’ sexual behavior?
A. Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls’ sexual activities.
B. Single mothers may be dating, thereby inadvertently acting as role models of sexual activity for their adolescent daughters.
C. Girls are more likely than boys to look outside the family for warmth and support.
D. There may be a genetic link inherited from the girls’ fathers that increases daughters’ sexual behavior.
Answer: A
46. An analysis of “virginity pledges” that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:
A. pledging works equally well for adolescents of all ages.
B. pledging has little effect in schools in which few students take the pledge.
C. pledging works well in schools in which nearly everyone takes the pledge.
D. pledging has little effect on all adolescents’ sexual activity.
Answer: B
47. The sexual ______ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual _____ of males and females is quite different.
A. behavior; socialization
B. socialization; behavior
C. attitudes; experiences
D. experiences; attitudes
Answer: A
48. According to research by Small & Luster, which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?
A. Chelsea, an adolescent that lives in a low SES/disadvantaged neighborhood
B. Ryan, an adolescent that has many antisocial peers
C. Frank, an adolescent that has completely disengaged from school
D. The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.
Answer: D
49. Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except:
A. lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.
B. as the number of risk factors increases, the percentage of sexually experienced adolescents increases.
C. the same risk factors that predict sexual activity for whites also predict sexual activity among ethnic minority adolescents.
D. efforts aimed at predicting adolescent sexual activity must focus on more than one risk factor.
Answer: A
50. Which of the following statements about boys’ first sexual experience is false?
A. A boy’s first sexual experience is usually through masturbation.
B. Boys typically view sex as recreation.
C. A boy’s first sexual partner is likely to be someone he’s in love with.
D. Boys are more likely than girls to keep sex and intimacy separate.
Answer: C
51. Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________.
A. intimacy; recreation
B. recreation; intimacy
C. enjoyment; guilt
D. guilt; enjoyment
Answer: B
52. Amy, a 15-year-old, lost her virginity to her boyfriend last night. Which of the following is Amy least likely to say?
A. “I’m in love!”
B. “I’m so worried—what if I’m pregnant!”
C. “I’m so glad I’m no longer a virgin!”
D. “I’m so excited!”
Answer: C
53. Generalizing from the text, Marge is most likely to have her first sexual encounter with a:
A. younger partner.
B. classmate.
C. casual acquaintance.
D. steady boyfriend.
Answer: D
54. Michael and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say?
A. “Tom is probably homosexual.”
B. “Tom has been sexually abused.”
C. “Same-sex play among young adolescents is common.”
D. “Tom needs to get counseling for this unusual behavior.”
Answer: C
55. Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false?
A. Males are more likely than females to engage in same-sex activity during adolescence.
B. Approximately 2 to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
C. Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
D. The majority of gay, lesbian, or bisexual adults engaged in heterosexual activity during adolescence.
Answer: C
56. Todd would rather date men than women. This refers to Todd’s:
A. gender identity.
B. sexual orientation.
C. sex-role behavior.
D. homophobia.
Answer: B
57. Bill is a very feminine man. Based on this sex-role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably:
A. homosexual.
B. heterosexual.
C. bisexual.
D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual orientation.
Answer: D
58. Because Andrea is a lesbian, she is more likely to exhibit what types of behaviors?
A. feminine behaviors
B. masculine behaviors
C. androgynous behaviors
D. There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.
Answer: D
59. Amy is a “straight” 16-year-old adolescent. Kelly, also 16, has discovered that she has homosexual interests. Which girl is most confused about her gender identity because of her sexual orientation?
A. Amy
B. Kelly
C. Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation.
D. Neither Amy nor Kelly will be confused about their gender, because they understand their sexual orientations.
Answer: C
60. Studies suggest which of the following are antecedents of homosexuality?
A. biological factors
B. social factors
C. the interaction between biological and social factors
D. All of the above
Answer: D
61. Which adults are most likely to describe their fathers as distant and rejecting?
A) heterosexual males
B) heterosexual females
C) both gay and lesbian adults
D) lesbians
Answer: C
62. Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:
A. a girl plays hard to get with her boyfriend.
B. there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.
C. a stranger attacks and sexually assaults a teenager.
D. the teen’s parents utilize an authoritarian style of parenting.
Answer: B
63. Professor Snapes is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. He is likely to learn all of the following, except:
A. sexual harassment is widespread within American public schools.
B. a significant number of adolescents report having been sexually harassed by their teachers.
C. school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment have had long-term success.
D. the majority of adolescents who have been sexually harassed had themselves harassed others.
Answer: C
64. Which of the following statements about sexual abuse during adolescence is false?
A. Histories of individuals who commit dating violence suggest the perpetrators are likely to have been exposed to physical punishment and abuse at home.
B. Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected.
C. Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor.
D. Both perpetrators and victims of sexual assaults are often reluctant to admit the assault occurred.
Answer: B
65. Which is not a risk factor for sexual abuse?
A. living apart from one’s parents
B. living in a major city
C. being raised in poverty
D. having parents who abuse alcohol or other drugs
Answer: B
66. Fourteen-year-old Sarah began “acting out” behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah’s teacher suspects that Sarah is:
A. pregnant.
B. fighting with her boyfriend.
C. a victim of sexual abuse.
D. questioning her sexual orientation.
Answer: C
67. Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her piano teacher. What type of problem is Suzanne’s daughter most likely to face?
A. dissociative disorders
B. suicide
C. academic difficulties
D. infertility
Answer: C
68. What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents?
A. condoms
B. birth control pills
C. withdrawal
D. the rhythm method
Answer: A
69. Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except:
A. using contraception would indicate that they are planfully and willingly sexually active.
B. they unconsciously desire to become pregnant.
C. contraceptives may be difficult for them to obtain.
D. their egocentric thinking leads them to believe that they are immune from getting pregnant or contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer: B
70. The best predictor of contraceptive use is:
A. age.
B. IQ.
C. race.
D. socioeconomic status.
Answer: A
71. Which of the following sexually active adolescents is most likely to use contraception?
A. Sara, a 15-year-old
B. Leonardo, a 16-year-old
C. Chloe, a 17-year-old
D. Thomas, an 18-year-old
Answer: D
72. Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception effectively while engaging in sex?
A. Vanessa, who feels guilty about having sex with her boyfriend
B. Lynn, who belongs to a conservative religious faith
C. Vesta, who had previously pledged to remain a virgin
D. Tasha, who is sexually active and relatively conventional
Answer: D
73. The text suggests all of the following as ways to increase use of contraceptives among adolescents, except:
A. ensure the availability of contraceptive devices to adolescents.
B. offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active.
C. ensure open lines of communication so adolescents feel free to talk to adults about their sexual issues and concerns.
D. portray sex in the media more responsibly, showing contraception use along with sexual activity.
Answer: B
74. Sexual activity in the United States is _____ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is _____.
A. higher than; higher
B. lower than; the same
C. comparable; the same
D. comparable; higher
Answer: D
75. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?
A. gonorrhea
B. herpes
C. chlamydia
D. syphilis
Answer: B
76. Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus.
A. chlamydia and herpes; gonorrhea and human papilloma virus
B. gonorrhea and herpes; chlamydia and human papilloma virus
C. human papilloma virus and gonorrhea; chlamydia and herpes
D. gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus
Answer: D
77. AIDS is transmitted through:
A. casual contact.
B. bodily fluids.
C. kissing.
D. mosquito bites.
Answer: B
78. What is not a risk factor for contracting HIV?
A. using drugs
B. having unprotected sex
C. having many sexual partners
D. being male
Answer: D
79. Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is:
A. effective condom use during sex.
B. use of withdrawal.
C. use of the rhythm method.
D. taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.
Answer: A
80. Recent research on promoting safe-sex behaviors among adolescents has suggested all of the following, except:
A. it is more effective to focus on adolescents’ motives and social relationships, rather than their knowledge about safe sex.
B. adolescents are often unaware that their partners may be having sex with others as well.
C. being aware of the risk of STDs is sufficient to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents.
D. it may be important to use different strategies for sexually active and inexperienced adolescents.
Answer: C
81. What percentage of adolescents who become pregnant get an abortion?
A. fewer than 2%
B. 15%
C. 33%
D. 70%
Answer: C
82. The birth rate among adolescent women today is _____ in previous eras.
A. impossible to compare to what it was
B. lower than
C. higher than
D. the same as it was
Answer: B
83. Which country has the highest rate of teen pregnancy?
A. Sweden
B. the United States
C. England
D. Israel
Answer: B
84. Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is:
A. in the top third of all industrialized countries.
B. in the bottom third of all industrialized countries.
C. the highest in the world among industrialized countries.
D. average as compared to other industrialized countries.
Answer: C
85. According to the textbook, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated with:
A. income equality and educational attainment
B. average income and educational attainment
C. the amount of independence a culture allows adolescents to have
D. the influence of the mass media
Answer: A
86. Who is the least likely adolescent to bear her first child while married?
A. Maria, a Mexican American
B. Alisha, a Black adolescent
C. Francine, an Asian American
D. Sylvia, a White American
Answer: B
87. Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby?
A. It will increase.
B. It will increase only if Marie is already sexually active.
C. It will be unaffected.
D. It will decrease.
Answer: A
88. Who is the most likely, after becoming pregnant, to have an abortion?
A. Jamie, a European-American female living in the suburbs
B. Kimberly, a European-American female who dropped out of high school
C. Dotty, an Black female who dropped out of high school
D. Tara, an Black female living in poverty
Answer: A
89. Which of the following statements about abortion and teen pregnancy is not true? A. There are no differences between pregnant teenagers who do and do not seek abortion B. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are academically successfully and ambitious C. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are more inclined to seek psychological counseling than young women who do not abort their pregnancy D. Young women who terminate their pregnancy by abortion are less likely over the next two years to experience a subsequent pregnancy and more likely to practice contraception than those who do not abort their pregnancy.
Answer: A
90. Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception?
A. Nancy, who had an abortion a year ago
B. Geraldine, who had a baby a year ago
C. Annie, who is not doing well in school
D. Melanie, who lives in a state that requires parental notification for abortions
Answer: A
91. Greg, a 17-year-old, has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. If he is typical of other males who impregnate adolescent women, we would expect him to have all of the following problems, except:
A. low self-esteem.
B. school or work problems.
C. physical ailments.
D. problems with alcohol and other drugs.
Answer: C
92. Nancy, a 13-year-old, has recently become pregnant. Statistically, who is most likely the father of her child?
A. Anthony, a 10-year-old
B. Zack, a 13-year-old
C. Daryl, a 16-year-old
D. Clarence, a 20-year-old
Answer: C
93. Research on teenage mothers indicates that:
A. their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood.
B. most of them unconsciously “wanted” to have a baby.
C. within 2 to 3 years, their lives are similar to those of their peers who did not bear a child.
D. they are better off psychologically than teenagers who had aborted their pregnancy.
Answer: A
94. The adverse outcomes of being born to an adolescent mother are generally a result of all of the following, except:
A. characteristics of the mother.
B. characteristics of the mother’s family environment.
C. the immature reproductive system of an adolescent mother.
D. prenatal malnutrition.
Answer: C
95. According to research cited in the text, all of the following are reasons that some sex education programs fail, except:
A. when they are introduced into the curriculum too late (after adolescents are already sexually active).
B. when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students.
C. when they focus primarily on changing students’ knowledge rather than their behavior.
D. when they emphasize abstinence-only sex education
Answer: B
96. Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.
A. encouraging sexual abstinence
B. a comprehensive sex education
C. family planning services
D. having the unwed mother marry her baby’s father
Answer: B
97. Kate is a Black teen mom and has decided to move back to her parents’ home. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Kate is likely to stay in school
B. living with parents might actually undermine the development of Kate’s parenting skills and increase her likelihood of getting pregnant again
C. It would be best if Kate lived with her parents for an extended period
D. Problems in the relationship between Kate and her mother can adversely affect Kate’s mental health
Answer: C
98. According to the textbook, which of the following is not something that policymakers have called for to ensure young mothers have an adequate income and the chance for adequate employment?
A. adaptations in school schedules and the development of school-based child-care centers
B. the expansion of subsidized child-care for young mothers who are out of school C. the expansion of family planning services to adolescent mothers D. laws that ensure companies cannot discriminate against teen mothers
Answer: D
99. According to the textbook, evaluations of programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ access to adequate income and employment have found that: A. while enhancing teen mothers’ employability has not been successful, decreasing their reliance on welfare has been hugely successful B. both decreasing teen mothers’ reliance on welfare and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been successful C. programs aimed at preventing future pregnancies have been successful, but programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ employability have been largely disappointing D. programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers’ employability and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been largely disappointing.
Answer: D
100. The comprehensive sex education discussed in the textbook has all of the following elements except: A. must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex B. must increase adolescents’ motivation to engage in safe sex C. must change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes D. must reduce adolescents’ likelihood of having sex
Answer: D
101. Evaluations of school-based clinics have found that: A. they increase adolescents’ use of contraception B. they appear to increase adolescents’ sexual activity C. they do no appear to increase sexual activity D. they are largely effective, especially among White and Hispanic youths.
Answer: C
Essay
102. Adolescents’ stance on premarital intercourse has changed over the past three decades. Describe the ways in which these attitudes have changed and explain why this may have happened.
Answer: Overall, the percentage of adolescents in America who were engaging in premarital sex increased during the 1970s, the 1980s, and then declined slightly between 1995 and 2001. This decline in premarital sexual intercourse, interestingly, was not mirrored by a decline in the proportion of adolescents engaging in other kinds of sex, suggesting that the threat of AIDS and STDs has led sexually active adolescents to substitute safer forms of sex (e.g., oral sex) for intercourse. The median age at which adolescents first engage in intercourse has declined since the early 1970s, with females especially exhibiting the greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse. Not only are more adolescents from all groups engaging in premarital sex, but they start younger, and more young females are engaging in sex than ever before. Although these trends may concern parents, they should take comfort in the fact that most high school students are not promiscuous, and that adolescent sexual experiences are usually accompanied by affection and emotional involvement with the partner.
Key Points
a) Premarital intercourse increased over the 1970s and 1980s, and declined slightly in recent years. This decline not matched by a decline in all sexual activity, however, suggesting a shift to safer sexual practices.
b) The median age at which adolescents first engage in intercourse has declined over the past 30 years, and females have demonstrated the greatest increases in levels of premarital intercourse.
c) Parents should take comfort in knowledge that sexual experiences during adolescence are typically positive and monogamous.
103. Michelle, a 16-year-old adolescent, is the only one in her circle of friends who has not yet had sex. She is beginning to feel pressure to have sex. Discuss two ways that her friends are influencing her attitude toward sex.
Answer: Adolescents often influence each other’s sexual attitudes just as they influence each other’s tastes and behaviors. Michelle is probably feeling pressured to become sexually experienced like her friends because of two reasons. First, because all of her close friends have experienced intercourse, they have established a normative standard that having sex is acceptable. Therefore, if and when Michelle does decide to have sex, she knows that she will have a group of friends who will support and condone her decision. Second, Michelle’s friends are probably directly influencing her sexual attitudes through direct communication among friends, or through conversations she has had with potential sexual partners. Peers often engage in lengthy conversations about sexual experiences and Michelle might feel like she stands out, or her friends might directly point out that she is at a different place than the others.
Key Points
a) When an adolescent’s peers are sexually active, they establish a normative standard that having sex is acceptable.
b) Peers influence each other’s sexual behavior directly through communication.
104. You have been asked to talk to a group of educators about sex education programs, describing what does and what does not work. In your discussion, they’ve asked you to address “virginity pledges” and to include a discussion of the major features of a good sex education program.
Answer: Sex education programs in general have had little effect on sexual activity, but they have had small effects on use of contraceptives (thus, they have the greatest impact on risky sexual practices as opposed to stopping adolescents from engaging in them at all). Many experts believe that early sex education programs failed because they are initiated into the curriculum too late (after adolescents have already become sexually active) and their focus is on changing students’ knowledge rather than their behavior, resulting in no direct effect on patterns of sexual activity or contraceptive use. In addition to knowledge about contraceptive use, adolescents have to be motivated to use contraception. Moreover, evaluations of school-based clinics, which make contraceptive services more accessible to adolescents, do not appear to increase sexual activity (a concern of parents), but neither do they increase contraceptive use. Furthermore, evaluations of abstinence-only sex programs have consistently found that programs that only emphasize abstinence are not successful in changing adolescents’ sexual behavior or reducing rates of pregnancy or STDs. In a similar vein, recent analyses of “virginity pledges” (adolescents promise to abstain from sex until they are married) have found the pledges to be more effective for younger adolescents, but they have no effect among older high school students. Ironically, they have little effect both in schools where few students take the pledges, but also in schools where nearly everyone pledges, presumably because the pledge is meant to be a statement of one’s values and if everyone in the school holds the same values, the pledge-taker is not set apart by it. Additionally, adolescents who take the pledge and then engage in sexual intercourse are less likely to use condoms than their peers who did not take the pledge, because they may feel guilty about breaking the pledge and are unwilling to engage in planning behaviors like buying condoms ahead of time.
The most effective sex education program would be a comprehensive sex education. This approach does more than simply providing youths with information about contraception, STDs, and pregnancy. It also strives to teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex, increase adolescents’ motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes.
Key Points
a) Sex education programs have had little effect on sexual activity and a small effect on contraceptive use.
b) Reasons for failure include initiation after teens are already sexually active, focusing on changing knowledge not behavior, and emphasizing abstinence.
c) “Virginity pledges” may affect the sexual activity of younger but not older adolescents, but have limitations concerning the contexts in which they may be effective.
d) Comprehensive sex education programs are the most effective ways to increase safe sex practices among adolescents.
105. Provide three reasons, discussed in your text, that growing up in a single-parent home affects girls’ sexual behavior more than boys.
Answer: Social influences on girls’ sexual behavior are in general stronger and more varied than are the influences on boys’ behavior. Boys’ parents may not attempt to exert great control over their sexual activity, regardless of whether the household has one parent or two. A second reason is that single-parent mothers are more likely to be dating than married mothers, and may inadvertently be role models of sexual activity for their adolescents. To the extent that this modeling effect is stronger between parents and children of the same sex, we would expect to find a more powerful effect of growing up in a single-mother home on the sexual behavior of daughters than sons. A third reason is that girls are more likely than boys to respond to problems at home by turning outside the family for alternative sources of warmth and support.
Key Points
a) The social influences on girls’ sexual behavior are stronger and more varied than boys.
b) Single-parent mothers are more likely to be dating than married mothers, and therefore may inadvertently be role models of sexual activity.
c) Girls are more likely than boys to respond to problems at home by turning outside the family for support.
106. You have been asked to address a group of parents about how they can talk to their adolescents about sexual behavior. The two major concerns are pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They want to know how they can best protect their teens. What can you tell them?
Answer: The good news is that an authoritative parenting style of warmth, involvement in the adolescent’s life, and monitoring an adolescent’s behavior forestalls early sexual activity and makes adolescents less likely to engage in risky behaviors. In that regard, adolescents are more likely to learn about sex when the communication is interactive rather than dominated by the parents. Modeling the type of behavior that parents want, communicating attitudes and values when discussing sex, and discussing sexual topics often reduce the impact of peer influence. Conversely, parent-adolescent conflict is associated with early sexual activity. Research suggests, too, that teens are more likely to talk to their mothers about sex than to their fathers. Specific studies addressing the effect of parent-adolescent communication exhibit many communication discrepancies. For one thing, parents may believe they have spoken to their adolescents about a particular topic, such as pregnancy or AIDS, whereas the adolescent is likely to deny such a conversation took place. Also, parents underestimate their teens’ sexual activity and assume that if they disapprove of sexual behavior their teen will refrain. Unfortunately, the research suggests that these discussions may affect teens’ risky sex behaviors but not how sexually active they are.
Key Points
a) Authoritative parenting is likely to reduce risky sex and result in later engagement with sexual activity.
b) Parent-adolescent conflict is associated with early sexual activity.
c) Adolescents are more likely to talk to their mothers than to their fathers about sex.
d) Parents may believe they spoke to their adolescents about specific topics and their adolescents are likely to say these conversations did not take place.
e) Parent-adolescent communication may reduce the occurrence of risky sex behaviors but is not likely to reduce sexual activity.
107. Pretend you are talking to your virgin 16-year old self (or another 16-year old that is thinking about having sex for the first time). Your 16-year old self wants to know if sexuality is normal, when(if) he/she is ready to engage in sexual behaviors, and what the potential risks are. Be sure to tell the 16-year old everything you wish you would have known about sex when you were younger.
Answer: First of all, while many adults have an ambivalent attitude toward adolescent sexuality, sex after age 16 is part of the normative process of adolescent development. Additionally, sex is not entirely new during adolescence. It is highly likely that you were curious about your sex organs when you were a young child, and you may have even derived pleasure from genital stimulation at a young age. Nonetheless, because of the biological, cognitive, and social changes of adolescence, sexuality becomes extremely salient (and normal!) during the second decade of life. The physical and hormonal changes of puberty increase sex drive, change the adolescent’s appearance, and permit reproduction. The fact that pregnancy is possible after puberty changes the entire dynamic of sexuality. Now that you can become pregnant (or get a girl pregnant), certain precautions need to be taken. Teen pregnancy is a serious issue. Being a teen mom can be detrimental to the child as well as the teen mother.
You should also know that if you are curious about sexuality, but are not ready for full vaginal intercourse, there are other behaviors you can engage in (e.g., necking, petting) that can help you explore your sexuality. Additionally, many adolescents’ first sexual experience falls into the category of autoerotic behavior (e.g., masturbation) and this is completely normal.
Before you are ready for sexual intercourse, you need to make sure you are comfortable with your changing (maturing) body, accept having feelings of sexual arousal as normal and appropriate, understand that sex is voluntary, and understand how to engage in safe sex. You need to know that sexual harassment and date rape are serious issues, and that a significant minority of adolescents are forced to have sex against their will. Know how to say no! It is also important for you to know that many adolescents have involuntary sex when they are under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
Every time you have sex, you should use a condom (regardless of whether you are taking a birth control pill) to prevent against STDs. You also need to make sure to use the condom correctly (e.g., put the condom on before first entry and hold onto the condom while withdrawing). Also, you should know that the withdrawal and rhythm method are entirely ineffective. Moreover, communication with your partner about contraceptive use is extremely important. Don’t be embarrassed to shop for contraceptives—doing so actually demonstrates that you are planning ahead and trying to be responsible! Finally, always be prepared. Many adolescents fail to use appropriate contraception because they don’t anticipate having sex.
Key Points
a) Sexual desires and behaviors are normal during adolescence
b) Ensure that you satisfy the four stages of positive sexual development
c) Know other types of sexual behaviors besides vaginal intercourse
d) Understand that sexual harassment, teen pregnancy, and STDs are serious issues that adolescents must deal with
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