Lecture 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Data structure is the branch of computer science that unleashes the knowledge of how the data should be organized‚ how the flow of data should be controlled and how a data structure should be designed and implemented to reduce the complexity and increase the efficiency of the algorithm. The theory of structures not only introduces the data structures‚ but also helps to understand and use the concept of abstraction‚ analyze problems step by step and develop algorithms to
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They both target to alter the processes‚ but not just on the product. Moreover‚ they both take team approach. Nearly all BPR projects are initiated by top-down approach. Since BPR would results great changes‚ staff resistance is obvious. Therefore‚ top management’s support and commitment are very important. For TQM‚ both top-down approach and bottom-up approach are possible. The basic assumptions of TQM and BPR are different. TQM assumes that the existing practices or systems are principally right
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1. In the book “Management and Creativity” (Bilton‚ 2007)‚ Wilson and Cummings define strategy as two distinctive approaches; strategy as position and strategy as process. The former‚ also referred to as strategy as orientation‚ takes a more top-down approach and is concentrated around a single leader. It attempts to establish a strategic position that will serve as a basis for differentiation‚ which is commonly seen as original and innovative. However‚ a successful implementation of the strategy
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products in its hypermarkets and 10 percent in its supermarkets. Moreover‚he wants to employ more staff‚ extend the operating hours in certain hypermarkets‚cutting prices‚ trying small stores‚ and pushing down decision making. Mr. Durant aims tostay only in countries where Carrefour is among the top retailers. 2. Should Carrefour adopt Wal-Mart’s strategy of "low prices everyday"? Whatwould be the advantage or disadvantage of such a strategy? Yes Certainly they have to adopt the strategy of low pricing
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carrier - AirAsiaX‚ is likewise situated at the LCCT and offers operational offices with AirAsia Berhad. The aircraft was built up by a Malaysian combination in 1993 and started operations in 1996. In December 2001‚ with the aircraft intensely owing debtors‚ AirAsia was obtained by Tony Fernandes of Tune Air Sdn. Bhd. at the cost of RM1. As a feature of the buy‚ Tony likewise took up the RM40million obligation. Under the authority of Tony Fernandes‚ the aircraft was flying high in 2002 and propelled its
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Reading theories Of the two approaches mentioned in reading research and literature‚ the bottom-up approach focuses on language elements such as grammar‚ vocabulary and cohesion‚ while the top-down approach includes a focus on background knowledge about content and organization‚ generally referred to as content and formal schemata respectively. A combination of these two approaches is generally known as the Interactive Model of Reading. The pedagogy in this study was based on the Schema Interactive
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Decision-making includes pricing education elements using costing information‚ and there have been widespread problems in identifying‚ measuring‚ using‚ and applying this information in organization. Budgets are usually constructed in one of two ways: • Top-down approach. Senior managers state what they expect from their operational managers with respect to performance on revenue‚ profitability‚ cost savings and other dimensions. The operational managers may then try to negotiate with senior managers on
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Reading involves translating symbols and letters into words or sentences. Anderson defines reading as a process of constructing meaning from a written text. We indulge in reading for many different purposes‚ be it survival‚ leisure or occupational. In a way‚ reading serves as a kind communication between the writer and the reader. The writer encodes what he or she wishes to convey while the reader decodes according to his or her own perception. Johnson quotes "A young man should read five
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mission and goals of their global R&D‚ assigning two types of projects at the same time‚ rather than specializing projects among different labs‚ coordinating not by large-scale committees or meeting but through human relationships among a small number of top R&D mangers‚ drastically changing their organizational structures. It appears that both companies have already realized some of the anticipated benefits. Full Text: Copyright Industrial Research Institute‚ Incorporated Mar/Apr 1999 [Headnote] A
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Richardson? Would you have done anything differently? I would say the entry and contracting process began when Bowman’s friend recommended Lawler as the person to go to in order help with the problems at the plant. That recommendation was followed up with a phone call by Bowman to Lawler this is where the contracting process began. Bowman asked Lawler to conduct a motivation course at the plant for the blue-collar employees because he felt the morale was low. In addition to that there was a fatality
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