Journal of Financial Economics 4 (1977) 129-176. (0 North-Holland A CRITIQUE OF THE ASSET PRICING Publishing Company THEORY’S TESTS Part I: On Past and Potential Testability of the Theory* Richard ROLL* University of California‚ Los Angeles‚ l CA 90024‚ U.S.A. Received June 1976‚ revised version received October 1976 Testing the two-parameter asset pricing theory is difficult (and currently infeasible). Due to a mathematical equivalence between the individual return/beta’ linearity relation
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The Left Digit Effect in Pricing Strategy: $19.99 Because $20 is Too Much! Have you ever come across price tags that have 9 endings? Have you ever bought those merchandise with 9 endings thinking that was the best deal and ended up with an enormous bill? Do you notice that the 9 endings are usually printed in a much smaller size than the digits on the left? This is a result of a psychological concept called “The Left Digit Effect” in which people tend to pay more attention to the left-most digits
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Computer: A Bundle of Pricing Options 1.24.2012 Question #1) What price should Jowers charge DayTraderJournal.com for the Atlantic Bundle (i.e.‚ Tronn servers+PESA software tool)? 1) Under the status-quo pricing‚ Jowers should chard $4000 for the Atlantic Bundle. 2) Under the competition-based pricing‚ $6800 should be charged for the Atlantic Bundle. 3) Under the cost-plus pricing‚ $4491.04 should be charged for the Atlantic Bundle. 4) Under the value-in-use pricing (maximum value)‚ $12800
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Pricing Strategies of Small Scale Industries With Reference to Mid Western Development Region of Nepal 1. General Introduction 1.1 Pricing Strategies In general terms price is a component of an exchange or transaction that takes place between two parties and refers to what must be given up by one party (i.e.‚ buyer) in order to obtain something offered by another party (i.e.‚ seller). Yet this view of price provides a somewhat limited explanation of what price means to participants in the transaction
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4. What general pricing approaches have the hamburger chains in Japan pursued? Different hamburger chains in Japan pursued slightly different pricing approaches nowadays. However‚ there used to be a similar pricing approach among the hamburger chains in Japan. Almost a decade ago‚ hamburger chains in Japan competed for the lowest price at which they can still afford to sell their burgers and earn profits. We could classify such an approach under the good-value pricing where the hamburger companies
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Posted by Petra at 1:43 PM No comments: Wednesday‚ January 9‚ 2008 9. Pricing Price is the amount of money a buyer has to sacrifice in order to get what he/she wants. Pampers’ tends to make their products available to wide range of customers‚ so their price must also be affordable‚ reasonable and relatively low. I’ve already mentioned that Pampers’ makes constant improvements of the products‚ but also of the production process with new technology. That makes possible lowering of the
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basic market is already full with the competitor‚ Ontario with the Zink and the company has a tendency to stick to the traditional marketing approach. To overcome these impediments‚ we suggest to set the price based on the calculation of cost-based pricing and to abandon the original direct marketing methods and accept the indirect ways like online-marketing and the advertisement through diverse media. Ⅱ. Problem Analysis (Goal & Impediments) Goal As new-comer of the basic server market‚ Atlantic’s
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Full Cost Pricing Selling price arrived at by adding overheads and profit margin to the direct cost per unit of a product. In a manufacturer’s overheads computation‚ less than full capacity utilization of the plant is factored in to allow for fluctuations in the output. The profit margin is computed as a fixed percentage of the average total cost of the product. Pricing - full cost-plus pricing Full cost plus pricing seeks to set a price that takes into account all relevant costs of production
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A discussion on the pricing strategy for foreign corporations in China ---taking an example of IKEA Name: Juyan Wang (Joyce) Class: PS 06-01 Tutor: Stephen Ashworth Date: 2014-8-25 A discussion on the pricing strategy for foreign corporations in China---taking an example of IKEA Abstract IKEA‚ as one of the most valuable brands in the world remained far ahead of its competitors because of its particular business management in European and American market.
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The pricing strategy for a new product should be developed so that the desired impact on the market is achieved while the emergence of competition is discouraged. Two basic strategies that may be used in pricing a new product are skimming pricing and penetration pricing. Skimming Pricing Skimming pricing is the strategy of establishing a high initial price for a product with a view to “skimming the cream off the market” at the upper end of the demand curve. It is accompanied by heavy expenditure
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