Formation of Hydrocarbons Types of hydrocarbons Parameters for hydrocarbon accumulation Phases of alteration of organic matter Types of kerogen Migration of hydrocarbons Five Major Types of Hydrocarbons Kerogen: Kerogen is a fine-grained‚ amorphous organic matter. It is not soluble to normal petroleum solvents‚ like carbon disulfide. Its chemical composition is 75% C‚ 10% H‚ 15% other (sulfur‚ oxygen‚ nitrogen‚ etc.). It is very important in the formation of hydrocarbons because it is what generates
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Bromination of Aromatic Compounds Introduction: The experiment focuses on finding out what kind of activating effects that four different substituents will have on an aromatic benzene ring. The substituents being tested are aniline‚ anisole‚ acetamide (acetanilide)‚ and phenol. All four of these groups are either para or ortho activating. Bromination is the reaction that will be carried out. The melting point ranges of the final products will be taken in order
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Alkane‚ Alkene‚ Alkyne & Aromatic Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Determine the IUPAC name‚ common name and structure of an alkanes‚ alkenes and cycloalkanes. Identify the physical properties of alkanes. Describe briefly natural sources and importance of alkanes Describe reactions of alkanes Propose a mechanism on free radicals substitution 4. 5. 6. Describe the preparation and reactions of alkenes. 7. Propose mechanism on preparation; dehydration of alcohol 8. Define carbocation
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Discussion: Continuous distillation‚ a form of distillation‚ is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously (without interruption) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams. A distillation is the separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or fractions by selective boiling (or evaporation) and condensation. A distillation produces at least two output fractions. These fractions include at least one volatile
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INTRODUCTION From natural gas‚ crude oils‚ and other fossil materials such as coal‚ few intermediates are produced that are not hydrocarbon compounds. The important intermediates discussed here are hydrogen‚ sulfur‚ carbon black‚ and synthesis gas. Synthesis gas consists of a nonhydrocarbon mixture (H2‚CO) obtain- able from more than one source. It is included in this chapter and is fur- ther noted in Chapter 5 in relation to methane as a major feedstock for this mixture. This chapter discusses
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Hydrocarbon Derivative: Amines Amines are a type of hydrocarbon derivative‚ and they are used in many ways in society. Several companies use amines in products such as drugs and medicines. Also‚ in nature‚ amino acids help the body make proteins‚ and amines are found in many vitamins. For example‚ DOW Chemicals “plays an important role in commonly used products found around the world” by using amines in the manufacturing of energy drinks‚ detergents‚ insulin‚ etc. This is a very large industry
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Lab 8 Lab Eight: Identification of Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry 311 Abstract: Unknown hydrocarbon K was identified by using purification‚ determination of boiling point by using the capillary tube technique‚ the calculation of density and obtained refractive index value from the Abbe-3L refractometer. The density was not useful due to an error of the machine but the boiling point and refractive index were used to confirm that the unidentified hydrocarbon K was 2‚2 Introduction Thrush
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Electrophilic Aromatic Iodination of Vanillin Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory experiment is for an aromatic compound to undergo an electrophilic substitution reaction. To carry this out‚ our method combines sodium iodide and common bleach as the oxidizing agent in aqueous alcohol as the solvent. Balanced Chemical Equations: Physical Properties: Name of Chemical Chemical Structure Molar Mass (g/mol) BP/MP (ºC) Density (g/mL) Mass/Vol. Used Purpose 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehye
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Objective The objective of this experiment was to illustrate electrophilic aromatic substitution by synthesizing p-nitroanilide (as well as ortho) from acetanilide by nitration. The para form was separated from the ortho form based on solubility properties using recrystallization techniques. Synthetic equations: Physical Properties & Hazards of Reagents/Products: (all taken from Sigma-Aldrich website) Acetanilide MM = 135.16 g/mol Melting point =
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RELATIVE RATES OF ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION Juris Marie G. Garcia Institute of Chemistry‚ University of the Philippines‚ Diliman‚ Quezon City Date Performed: February 27‚ 2015 Date Submitted: March 13‚ 2015 Answers to Questions: 1.) Arrangement of Reactivity: (fastest to slowest) - Phenol‚ Nitrophenol‚ Acetanilide‚ Benzene‚ Chlorobenzene‚ Aniline - A reaction has occurred if there’s a change in color. The nature of the substituent‚ whether electron-donating to the ring or electron-withdrawing
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