YOUR NOTES UNIT 2 NOTES DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA Functions • Stores genetic information and copies itself (replication) to pass on the information • Contains genes (instructions to make proteins) • Instructs cell’s activities DNA Structure • DNA is a polymer of nucleotides • Chromosomes (DNA strand + associated proteins ie. Histones wrap DNA around like a spool = condensed chromatin) ↓ genes (sections of a chromosome that codes for a protein) ↓ nucleotides (3 parts:
Free DNA
effective in inducing mutations‚ followed by the Tn5 and the EMS was the least potent and effective treatment. Introduction A culture of E.coli K12‚ KL14 was used to carry out the experiment on. The advantage of using E.coli cells to experiment on is that they are haploid organisms and contain a single set of chromosomes so if a mutation was to occur‚ the bacterial cell will express it as there is only one copy of the gene. We experimented on various types of mutations. Auxotrophic mutants are
Premium
DNA and genes are always changing due to many chromosomal changes such as inversion‚ deletion‚ insertion and translocation. However‚ there is an organelle in the human body that holds its own genome and occasionally has mutations‚ this organelle being the mitochondria. The mitochondrial is a semi-autonomous organelle that is believe to have arisen from free-living bacteria this is called the endosymbiotic theory. The endosymbiotic theory is the belief that long ago‚ a bacterium with a nucleus had
Premium DNA Gene Genetics
Article Review: Cancer 1. Gibbs‚ W W. "Untangling the Roots of Cancer." Scientific American July 2003: 56-65. Print. 2. In the human body‚ cells are constantly going through the cell cycle. An important step of the cell cycle is called mitosis‚ in which the cell (referred to as the parent cell) undergoes a series of steps that lead to the formation of two daughter cells. This process only occurs in somatic cells‚ which are any non-gamete cells. Gametes are haploid (containing only half of a full
Premium Cancer Mitosis
Lecture 14 Lecture Gene Complementation in Bacteria In order to perform tests for dominance or for complementation in bacteria we need a way to make the bacteria diploid for part of the chromosome. To do this we need to consider a different extrachromosomal element: Ori T The F plasmid (length 105 base pairs) Tra genes There are some special terms to describe the state of F in a cell: F– refers to a strain without any form of F‚ whereas F+ refers to a strain with an F plasmid. F‚
Premium DNA Gene Bacteria
Autosomal Inheritance of Wrinkled and black Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster Abstract Homozygous Wrinkled virgin females and homozygous black male Drosophila melanogaster‚ were crossed. Mutations were located on chromosome two and three respectively. The F1 generation‚ all Wrinkled and black‚ was inbred yielding and F2 generation. A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 was hypothesized with wrinkled wings and wild type body: wrinkled wings and black body: wild type wings and body wing: wild type wings
Premium Gene DNA Evolution
.5 2pq =>.5 q^2 => .5 Mutation and Sexual Recombination 10 Explain why the majority of point mutations are harmless. ~The majority of point mutations are harmless because there are several arrangements that can code for one amino acid. For example‚ UCU and UCC both code for serine‚ so a point mutation changing the U into a C would be completely harmless. 11 Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on allele frequencies in a large population. ~Mutations have little quantitative effect
Premium Evolution Natural selection Charles Darwin
Cancerous cells are being found more and more frequently in men and women each year. There are two known causes to this phenomenon: the tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. They are mutations that occur in the main cells of the body that ultimately lead to the formation of cancer. A single gene mutation is all that is necessary to drive the cancer cells to grow and divide uncontrollably. As this occurs the body cells go into apoptosis; if the patient does not take the necessary steps for immediate
Premium Cancer
Background Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)‚ also known as brittle bone disease‚ is a genetic mutation. I chose Osteogenesis Imperfecta because I wanted to inform the people about the seriousness of this disease. People with this disease have weak bones due to a mutation affecting the collagen in the body. This causes people to have fragile bones‚ which will fracture easily. People may also be very short because of their weak bones. Types of this condition can be mild‚ it can also be very severe. This
Premium Collagen Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteoporosis
copy. X-linked diseases typically only show in male phenotypes because they only have one X chromosome. If the chromosome has a deleterious mutation‚ there is no buffering of the second X chromosome‚ found in females‚ to mask the mutation. The fact that women who carry one mutation of the GLA gene can have Fabry disease suggests that the masking of the mutation by the other functional gene is not enough to guard against the disease. Because of this‚ heterozygous females are not actually termed “carriers”
Premium Hypertension Obesity Blood