The Endosymbiotic Theory

DNA and genes are always changing due to many chromosomal changes such as inversion, deletion, insertion and translocation. However, there is an organelle in the human body that holds its own genome and occasionally has mutations, this organelle being the mitochondria. The mitochondrial is a semi-autonomous organelle that is believe to have arisen from free-living bacteria this is called the endosymbiotic theory. The endosymbiotic theory is the belief that long ago, a bacterium with a nucleus had performed phagocytosis to another organelle and this two membraned specimen later evolved to become the mitochondria. Mitochondrion have 37 genes and their entire DNA is 16,589 nucleotides long. Mitochondria are inherited maternally which makes it
Haplotype is a set of sequence information for an individual within a haplogroup. Mutations occur in these haplogroups due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are located at a single position in a DNA sequence amongst individuals in a same species. If a SNP occurs more than it will lead to genetic variation amongst the same species, in this case different haplogroups. Overtime genetic variation amongst the L haplogroup occurred arising to a new era of macro-haplogroups such as N and M. These new haplogroups will then give rise to other haplogroups as mutations keep occurring. Many haplogroups such as L- is associated with African decent due to the fact that arisen from mtEVE which was located in Southern Africa.. Some haplogroups such at H and T are associated with European decent due to the mutations that occurred within those countries mtDNA haplotype. In this lab we will be studying the region called extended HVSI found at 15972-16401bp in mitochondrial DNA. This 549bp of extended HVSI was looked at because its considered low resolution when compared to HVSII so this means it would have less mutations