Chemistry Final
Lab #1 notes: The Discovery Process
Types of microscopes:
Dissecting: has 2 eyepieces and used for looking at a fly. Is 3D and used reflecting light
Lower magnification, higher resolution
Compound: has 1 eyepiece and is used for looking at a cross-section of a plant. 2D and uses transmitted light
Higher magnification, lower resolution
Microscope objectives include 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x,
-As you move to a higher power, your field of view decreases
-Parcentric: whatever is in the middle of your field of view will remain there as you go to a higher power
-Parfocal: once something is in focus at a lower power, it will stay in focus at a high power
An object is always being magnified at 10x, so if you use the 40x objective, multiply these 2 values together to get the total magnification. (10x)(40x)=400x
The 4 Unifying Theories of Biology
1. The Cell Theory: Robert Hooke observed cells. All organisms are composed of cells that have DNA.
2. The Gene Theory: DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain a sequence. The sequence can be changed by mutation or crossing over.
3. The Theory of Heredity: changes in DNA sequence may produce changes that can be passed down to the next generation
4. The Theory of Evolution: organisms form into a more complex group over time, better survival %
The Scientific Method
Step 1- Observe and Formulate Questions
Step 2- Reflect on the Implications
Step 3- Propose a Hypothesis
Step 4- Test the Hypothesis
Step 5- Analyze the Results
Step 6- Support, reject or modify the hypothesis
How to write a hypothesis: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."
The dependent variable represents the response to the factor that changes. (The utensil used)
The independent variable is the factor that changes. (The line/shape the termite prefers to follow)
Types of microscopes:
Dissecting: has 2 eyepieces and used for looking at a fly. Is 3D and used reflecting light
Lower magnification, higher resolution
Compound: has 1 eyepiece and is used for looking at a cross-section of a plant. 2D and uses transmitted light
Higher magnification, lower resolution
Microscope objectives include 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x,
-As you move to a higher power, your field of view decreases
-Parcentric: whatever is in the middle of your field of view will remain there as you go to a higher power
-Parfocal: once something is in focus at a lower power, it will stay in focus at a high power
An object is always being magnified at 10x, so if you use the 40x objective, multiply these 2 values together to get the total magnification. (10x)(40x)=400x
The 4 Unifying Theories of Biology
1. The Cell Theory: Robert Hooke observed cells. All organisms are composed of cells that have DNA.
2. The Gene Theory: DNA is made up of nucleotides that contain a sequence. The sequence can be changed by mutation or crossing over.
3. The Theory of Heredity: changes in DNA sequence may produce changes that can be passed down to the next generation
4. The Theory of Evolution: organisms form into a more complex group over time, better survival %
The Scientific Method
Step 1- Observe and Formulate Questions
Step 2- Reflect on the Implications
Step 3- Propose a Hypothesis
Step 4- Test the Hypothesis
Step 5- Analyze the Results
Step 6- Support, reject or modify the hypothesis
How to write a hypothesis: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."
The dependent variable represents the response to the factor that changes. (The utensil used)
The independent variable is the factor that changes. (The line/shape the termite prefers to follow)