History of Municipal administration in India The earliest evidence of local management of civic administration in India can be traced to Indus Valley civilization (around 2300 B.C) which was essentially an urban civilization. Commenting on the Indus Valley civilization‚ Golden Childe says “well planned streets and a magnificent system of drains‚ regularly cleared out; reflect the vigilance of some regular municipal government”. The nature of society and governance at local level underwent a significant
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| Sanitary Land Filling Process For Solid Waste Management In Rural Urban Relations- A Case In Sisdol Landfill Site | Term Paper on Rural Urban linkages | Sujata Shrestha | Background Rural-urban interaction can be defined as linkages across space such as flows of people‚ good‚ money‚ information and wastes and linkages between sectors such as agriculture‚ services‚ etc. Rural urban relation is a fundamental element of regional development. The balance rural urban linkages
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Waste Disposal The massive amount of waste generated every day is a hallmark of affluent‚ modern society. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)‚ municipal solid waste--a combination of household and commercial refuse--amounts to about 180 million metric tons per year in the United States. That equals almost two-thirds of a ton of garbage for each individual every year. It represents nearly twice as much waste per capita as Europe or Japan‚ and five to ten times as much as most
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WASTE MANAGEMENT With a population of over 1.2 billion‚ rapid urbanization and modernization of India is simply inevitable. Most of the cities are under-prepared for the rapid growth‚ because the infrastructure lacks serious development. Waste Management has become a matter of great concern to most city corporations‚ and there have been some instances of management collapse even in metropolitan cities in the year 2012. All this build-up took place within a single decade‚ which is why many corporations
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is hereby declared the policy of the state to adopt a systematic‚ comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall ensure the proper segregation‚ collection‚ transport‚ storage‚ treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste management. (R.A. 9003‚ Sec. 2‚ d.) Preparation and implementation of waste management programs shall be required of all provinces‚ cities and municipalities. A provision
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BIOMEDICAL WASTE 1)Introduction: Biomedical waste‚ also known as infectious waste or medical waste‚ is defined as solid waste generated during the diagnosis‚ testing‚ treatment‚ research or production of biological products for humans or animals. Biomedical waste includes syringes‚ live vaccines‚ laboratory samples‚ body parts‚ bodily fluids and waste‚ sharp needles‚ cultures and lancets. Biomedical waste consists of solids‚ liquids‚ sharps‚ and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious
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Individual solid particles are characterised by their size‚ shape‚ and density. 1.1 Particle shape The shape of an individual particle is expressed in terms of the sphericity F s‚ which is independent of particle size. The sphericity of a particle is the ratio of the surface-volume ratio of a sphere with equal volume as the particle and the surface-volume ratio of the particle. For a spherical particle of diameter D p‚ F s =1; for a non-spherical particle‚ the sphericity is defined as Dp:
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Pollution‚ contamination of Earth’s environment with materials that interfere with human health‚ the quality of life‚ or the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical surroundings). Although some environmental pollution is a result of natural causes such as volcanic eruptions‚ most is caused by human activities. Sidebars | SIDEBAR | Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international group of scientists
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result to production of wastes and deploring public health conditions. Furthermore‚ as development progresses‚ population also grows; and apparently population growth directly affects generation of wastes‚ be it solid or liquid. As a result‚ some of the offensive wastes during the first half of this century were hazardous. Indeed‚ rapid urbanization‚ population growth and changes in lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries contribute to increasing the per capita domestic waste generation. In fact
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Throughout most of history‚ the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low population density and low societal levels of the exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste‚ and these were released back into the ground locally‚ with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations. However‚ some civilizations do seem to
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