Biology Study Guides - SparkNotes Cellular Respiration I. Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ——> 6CO2 + 12 H2O + energy (38 ATP and heat) II. Aerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in three stages. A. Glycolysis (occurs in the cytoplasm) 1. One glucose is split into two pyruvates (C3H4O3). 2. 4 ATP are produced‚ but 2 endergonic reactions use up 2 ATP. 3. Glycolysis requires no oxygen‚ and occurs whether oxygen is present or not. 4
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Active transport: requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane against the solute’s concentration gradient (the side where it is more concentrated) Feedback inhibition: Metabolic reaction is blocked by its products. A product acts as an inhibitor of one of the enzymes in the pathway to regulate metabolism. Centriole: a structure in an animal cell composed of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. An animal usually has a pair of centrioles within each of its centrosomes
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Joseph’s story is a common one of an unsuspected massive heart attack. Even though Joseph had numerous existing factors that put him at risk of heart conditions he continued to live with no fear‚ or ambition to make changes. While playing ball with his son in the park‚ Joseph experienced his worst case scenario‚ a massive heart attack. There were several elements that went into this clinical turn for the worst. Joseph’s heart could now have irreversible damage due to the advanced stage of the condition
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CoQ10 Side Effects: Health or Consequence in a Capsule Coenzyme Q10 is a compound that is soluble in fat. It is chiefly synthesized by the body and can also be found in some foods. CoQ10 is required in the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. It is also needed in antioxidant functions in cell membranes as well as lipoproteins. CoQ10 is similar to vitamin E mainly because it is also soluble in fat. Even when a few claim that there are some CoQ10 side effects‚ more people believe that deficiency in this
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Histo Review 1. nCAM - to block migration of neurons (it’s an antibody) 2. KNOW RBC’S EVERY STAGE‚ BRS p. 137 3. know zona glomerulosa‚ fasiculaa etc. secretions 4. in the anterior pituitary‚ know acidophils vs. basophils 5. if a drug is applied after S phase…. Stops G2 6. dynein arms have ciliary movement 7. kinesin- for fast axonal transport 8. apocrine sweat gland duct is what cell type? Simple cuboidal? 9. medial meniscus needs synovial fluid from neighboring synovial joint 10. know
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Communication‚ Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms‚ with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli‚ e.g. temperature‚ oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time‚ e.g. winter fur to summer fur‚ or quickly‚ e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal
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The Role of the Citric Acid Cycle The Citric Acid Cycle is a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix of all aerobic organisms. It involves the oxidation of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA to two molecules of carbon dioxide. Each cycle produces one molecule of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation‚ and reduces three molecules of NAD and one molecule of FAD for use in Oxidative Phosphorylation. The cycle is preceded by Glycolysis‚ which also occurs in anaerobic
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The human body is a very complex working system and it requires a lot of energy to function properly. The human body eats food molecules that contain nutrients in order to get the energy needed to function. Once these food molecules are broken down in the human body some of the nutrients are made into glucose‚ which is an energy source. This glucose is not quite usable as one whole thing so our body breaks down even more into other molecules like pyruvate. Eventually the human body needs to make
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Question 1 2.5 out of 2.5 points The second law of thermodynamics holds that Answer Selected Answer: energy disperses spontaneously. Correct Answer: energy disperses spontaneously. Question 2 2.5 out of 2.5 points The minimum amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started is called the ___ energy. Answer Selected Answer: activation Correct Answer: activation Question 3 2.5 out of 2.5 points What happens to a molecule when it is phosphorylated? Answer Selected
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Chapter 5 Assignment 1. What is energy? What are the three forms of energy? Energy is the capacity to do work. There are four types of energy according to the powerpoint. They are Kinetic energy (energy of motion)‚ potential energy (stored energy)‚ thermal energy (heat)‚ and chemical energy (potential energy of molecules). 2. State the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Include entropy in your explanation. The first law states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can
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